Question 1

Demand characteristics are likely or at least very plausible if that data are:

Accepted Answer

A)  The same for preinquiry and postinquiry participants, but not simulators 
B)  Different for real participants and simulators, but not preinquiry participants 
C)  The same for preinquiry, simulators and real participants 
D)  Different for real participants and postinquiry participants, but not preinquiry participants 
A)  The same for preinquiry and postinquiry participants, but not simulators 
B)  Different for real participants and simulators, but not preinquiry participants 
C)  The same for preinquiry, simulators and real participants 
D)  Different for real participants and postinquiry participants, but not preinquiry participants C

Question 2

What is the problem with using volunteer participants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Since they are so different, it is difficult to determine the treatment effect 
B)  Volunteer participants are typically uncooperative participants 
C)  The findings may be limited in their generality across subject characteristics 
D)  There are no problems with using volunteer participants 
A)  Since they are so different, it is difficult to determine the treatment effect 
B)  Volunteer participants are typically uncooperative participants 
C)  The findings may be limited in their generality across subject characteristics 
D)  There are no problems with using volunteer participants C

Question 3

Errors in experimental data analysis are typically:

Accepted Answer

A)  Intentional fudging of data 
B)  In favor of the experimenter's hypotheses 
C)  Uncommon and unimportant 
D)  Due to a systematic bias on behalf of the experimenter 
A)  Intentional fudging of data 
B)  In favor of the experimenter's hypotheses 
C)  Uncommon and unimportant 
D)  Due to a systematic bias on behalf of the experimenter B

Question 4

As artifacts evolve, what are the three stages of evolution proposed by McGuire?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ignorance, identification, and interpretation 
B)  Identification, interpretation, correction 
C)  Ignorance, coping, and exploitation 
D)  Determination, interpretation, correction 
A)  Ignorance, identification, and interpretation 
B)  Identification, interpretation, correction 
C)  Ignorance, coping, and exploitation 
D)  Determination, interpretation, correction

Question 5

What is the loose protocol effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  When a protocol fails to specify the experimenter's activities 
B)  A protocol that is found to have low externally validity 
C)  When a protocol is not followed closely 
D)  When a protocol is unable to account for all possible outcomes of the study 
A)  When a protocol fails to specify the experimenter's activities 
B)  A protocol that is found to have low externally validity 
C)  When a protocol is not followed closely 
D)  When a protocol is unable to account for all possible outcomes of the study

Question 6

What steps are typically taken to reduce experimenter expectancy effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use of a single well-trained experimenter 
B)  Keeping the experimenter naïve "blind") to the condition 
C)  Use of unstructured protocols 
D)  Identify which participants were in which condition during data analysis 
A)  Use of a single well-trained experimenter 
B)  Keeping the experimenter naïve "blind") to the condition 
C)  Use of unstructured protocols 
D)  Identify which participants were in which condition during data analysis

Question 7

Demand characteristics are defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  The experimental manipulation that may lead participants to act in a certain manner 
B)  Any experimenter requests that are seen as hostile or coercive by the participant 
C)  A component of the experimental manipulation that influences participants 
D)  Any facet of the experiment that encourages behavior, other than the intended manipulation 
A)  The experimental manipulation that may lead participants to act in a certain manner 
B)  Any experimenter requests that are seen as hostile or coercive by the participant 
C)  A component of the experimental manipulation that influences participants 
D)  Any facet of the experiment that encourages behavior, other than the intended manipulation

Question 8

Rival hypotheses about experimenter characteristics are less plausible when:

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease the number of experimenters 
B)  Increase the number of experimental conditions 
C)  Decrease the interaction between the experimenter and the participants 
D)  Increase the number of participants. 
A)  Decrease the number of experimenters 
B)  Increase the number of experimental conditions 
C)  Decrease the interaction between the experimenter and the participants 
D)  Increase the number of participants.

Question 9

Post-experimental inquiry is commonly used to determine:

Accepted Answer

A)  The impact of possible demand characteristics 
B)  The extent to which participants determined the purpose of the experiment 
C)  If participant's were aware of the hypotheses of the experiment 
D)  All of the above 
A)  The impact of possible demand characteristics 
B)  The extent to which participants determined the purpose of the experiment 
C)  If participant's were aware of the hypotheses of the experiment 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

Experimenter expectancy effects are seen as:

Accepted Answer

A)  An essential part of the experimental enterprise 
B)  Unintentional biases that lead participants to act accordingly 
C)  Effects that do not commonly influence the experience of participants 
D)  Both a and b 
A)  An essential part of the experimental enterprise 
B)  Unintentional biases that lead participants to act accordingly 
C)  Effects that do not commonly influence the experience of participants 
D)  Both a and b

Question 11

Which of the following is the best way an experimenter can increase procedural consistency in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interview the research assistant/confederates 
B)  Tape record all of the sessions 
C)  Train research assistants/confederates together 
D)  Interview the participants after each experimental session 
A)  Interview the research assistant/confederates 
B)  Tape record all of the sessions 
C)  Train research assistants/confederates together 
D)  Interview the participants after each experimental session

Question 12

Why does the file-drawer problem present a dilemma in research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Many significant findings never get published 
B)  Many studies probably exist, but are not yet published since the publication process is lengthy 
C)  Some findings are not published so the published sample of research may be biased 
D)  Some research that is published may not include all of the original data 
A)  Many significant findings never get published 
B)  Many studies probably exist, but are not yet published since the publication process is lengthy 
C)  Some findings are not published so the published sample of research may be biased 
D)  Some research that is published may not include all of the original data

Question 13

What role is a participant taking if they are motivated to present themselves in a positive light?

Accepted Answer

A)  Good subject 
B)  Faithful subject 
C)  True subject 
D)  Apprehensive subject 
A)  Good subject 
B)  Faithful subject 
C)  True subject 
D)  Apprehensive subject

Question 14

What is an example of a subject-selection bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  Subject attrition 
B)  Unique samples 
C)  Similar samples 
D)  Both a and b 
A)  Subject attrition 
B)  Unique samples 
C)  Similar samples 
D)  Both a and b

Question 15

What conclusions can be made if preinquiry data and experimental data are dissimilar?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cues present in the experiment are not likely the cause of the experimental findings 
B)  Demand characteristics are likely at play in the design 
C)  The preinquiry data are not valid 
D)  The experimental data are not valid 
A)  The cues present in the experiment are not likely the cause of the experimental findings 
B)  Demand characteristics are likely at play in the design 
C)  The preinquiry data are not valid 
D)  The experimental data are not valid

Demand characteristics are likely or at least very plausible if that data are:

What is the problem with using volunteer participants?

Errors in experimental data analysis are typically:

As artifacts evolve, what are the three stages of evolution proposed by McGuire?

What is the loose protocol effect?

What steps are typically taken to reduce experimenter expectancy effects?

Demand characteristics are defined as:

Rival hypotheses about experimenter characteristics are less plausible when:

Post-experimental inquiry is commonly used to determine:

Experimenter expectancy effects are seen as:

Which of the following is the best way an experimenter can increase procedural consistency in an experiment?

Why does the file-drawer problem present a dilemma in research?

What role is a participant taking if they are motivated to present themselves in a positive light?

What is an example of a subject-selection bias?

What conclusions can be made if preinquiry data and experimental data are dissimilar?

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

Filters

Exam 4: Sources of Artifact and Bias

Demand characteristics are likely or at least very plausible if that data are:

What is the problem with using volunteer participants?

Errors in experimental data analysis are typically:

As artifacts evolve, what are the three stages of evolution proposed by McGuire?

What is the loose protocol effect?

What steps are typically taken to reduce experimenter expectancy effects?

Demand characteristics are defined as:

Rival hypotheses about experimenter characteristics are less plausible when:

Post-experimental inquiry is commonly used to determine:

Experimenter expectancy effects are seen as:

Which of the following is the best way an experimenter can increase procedural consistency in an experiment?

Why does the file-drawer problem present a dilemma in research?

What role is a participant taking if they are motivated to present themselves in a positive light?

What is an example of a subject-selection bias?

What conclusions can be made if preinquiry data and experimental data are dissimilar?

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

Filters