Question 1

Which of the following is an important consideration specific to making multiple comparisons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Controlling variability in the data 
B)  Controlling the reliability of the measures 
C)  Controlling the experimental-wise error rate 
D)  Controlling the per-comparison error rate 
A)  Controlling variability in the data 
B)  Controlling the reliability of the measures 
C)  Controlling the experimental-wise error rate 
D)  Controlling the per-comparison error rate C

Question 2

A Bonferroni adjustment is designed

Accepted Answer

A)  To allow one to detect effects that might be just at the borderline level e.g., p < .0 which might be important for theoretical reasons 
B)  To control for experiment-wise error rate 
C)  To increase power by using a more sensitive statistical test 
D)  a and b 
A)  To allow one to detect effects that might be just at the borderline level e.g., p < .0 which might be important for theoretical reasons 
B)  To control for experiment-wise error rate 
C)  To increase power by using a more sensitive statistical test 
D)  a and b B

Question 3

What is an advantage of meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Can examine variables that were not a focus of the original research 
B)  Can examine the relations between measures 
C)  Can compare the validity of different investigations 
D)  Can examine the clinical significance of investigations 
A)  Can examine variables that were not a focus of the original research 
B)  Can examine the relations between measures 
C)  Can compare the validity of different investigations 
D)  Can examine the clinical significance of investigations A

Question 4

What is statistical significance?

Accepted Answer

A)  A criterion used to determine the level of confidence of two groups differing at levels greater than chance 
B)  A criterion used to determine the level of confidence of the null hypothesis being false 
C)  The practical value or importance of the effect of an intervention 
D)  A method for expressing differences between groups in a common metric 
A)  A criterion used to determine the level of confidence of two groups differing at levels greater than chance 
B)  A criterion used to determine the level of confidence of the null hypothesis being false 
C)  The practical value or importance of the effect of an intervention 
D)  A method for expressing differences between groups in a common metric

Question 5

Intent-to-treat data analyses is designed

Accepted Answer

A)  To preserve the random composition of groups 
B)  To keep the investigator from changing the hypotheses that will be studied 
C)  To evaluate the results with those who completed the pre, treatment, and post 
D)  Estimates data that the subject would have had from others in the same treatment condition but who completed treatment 
A)  To preserve the random composition of groups 
B)  To keep the investigator from changing the hypotheses that will be studied 
C)  To evaluate the results with those who completed the pre, treatment, and post 
D)  Estimates data that the subject would have had from others in the same treatment condition but who completed treatment

Question 6

What is the goal of significance testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  To be able to reject the null hypothesis 
B)  To be able to accept the null hypothesis 
C)  To provide an objective, agreed upon criterion to decide whether differences are due to chance 
D)  To provide an objective, agreed upon criterion to decide whether differences are due to the intervention 
A)  To be able to reject the null hypothesis 
B)  To be able to accept the null hypothesis 
C)  To provide an objective, agreed upon criterion to decide whether differences are due to chance 
D)  To provide an objective, agreed upon criterion to decide whether differences are due to the intervention

Question 7

When are multivariate analyses appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)  When utilizing a factorial design 
B)  When measures are conceptually related 
C)  When measures are uncorrelated 
D)  When interest is in individual measures 
A)  When utilizing a factorial design 
B)  When measures are conceptually related 
C)  When measures are uncorrelated 
D)  When interest is in individual measures

Question 8

What is alpha?

Accepted Answer

A)  A method of expressing differences between groups in a common metric 
B)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when that hypothesis is true 
C)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false 
A)  A method of expressing differences between groups in a common metric 
B)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when that hypothesis is true 
C)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 9

A statistically significant effect at the p < .00001 level, means

Accepted Answer

A)  One can reject the null hypothesis 
B)  One can reject the null hypothesis and the investigator's hypothesis is strongly supported 
C)  The result is statistically significant and the effect size is large 
D)  The finding is very significant 
A)  One can reject the null hypothesis 
B)  One can reject the null hypothesis and the investigator's hypothesis is strongly supported 
C)  The result is statistically significant and the effect size is large 
D)  The finding is very significant

Question 10

Which of the following is the most dependent on sample size?

Accepted Answer

A)  Validity 
B)  Correlation coefficient 
C)  Alpha 
D)  Effect size 
A)  Validity 
B)  Correlation coefficient 
C)  Alpha 
D)  Effect size

Question 11

Use of a pretest as well as a posttest, rather than a posttest by itself, is valuable because

Accepted Answer

A)  One can evaluate and statistically adjust for any pretest sensitization effect 
B)  One can use a directional test to evaluate change, i.e., did patients improve 
C)  Reduces bias due to multiple statistical tests 
D)  The error term is reduced in the statistical test and power is increased 
A)  One can evaluate and statistically adjust for any pretest sensitization effect 
B)  One can use a directional test to evaluate change, i.e., did patients improve 
C)  Reduces bias due to multiple statistical tests 
D)  The error term is reduced in the statistical test and power is increased

Question 12

What is power?

Accepted Answer

A)  An objection to the use of significance testing in psychological research 
B)  The expression of differences between groups in a common metric 
C)  The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  The extent to which a difference can be detected when a difference exists 
A)  An objection to the use of significance testing in psychological research 
B)  The expression of differences between groups in a common metric 
C)  The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  The extent to which a difference can be detected when a difference exists

Question 13

Which of the following is a valid method of determining the necessary sample size of an investigation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through the effect size, alpha, and power 
B)  Through the clinical significance of an investigation 
C)  Through conventions in his or her field of research 
D)  Through the use of significance tests 
A)  Through the effect size, alpha, and power 
B)  Through the clinical significance of an investigation 
C)  Through conventions in his or her field of research 
D)  Through the use of significance tests

Question 14

How can power be augmented in an investigation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through the use of posttests 
B)  Through maintaining conventional levels of significance 
C)  Through the use of directional tests 
D)  Through controlling the side effects of treatment 
A)  Through the use of posttests 
B)  Through maintaining conventional levels of significance 
C)  Through the use of directional tests 
D)  Through controlling the side effects of treatment

Question 15

Statistical significance, magnitude of effect, and clinical significance:

Accepted Answer

A)  Overlap greatly and any two allows one to infer the other one 
B)  Reflect different facets of the data and bear no necessary relation to each other 
C)  A large effect size is likely to mean both that the effect was statistically and clinical significant 
D)  a and b 
A)  Overlap greatly and any two allows one to infer the other one 
B)  Reflect different facets of the data and bear no necessary relation to each other 
C)  A large effect size is likely to mean both that the effect was statistically and clinical significant 
D)  a and b

Which of the following is an important consideration specific to making multiple comparisons?

A Bonferroni adjustment is designed

What is an advantage of meta-analysis?

What is statistical significance?

Intent-to-treat data analyses is designed

What is the goal of significance testing?

When are multivariate analyses appropriate?

What is alpha?

A statistically significant effect at the p < .00001 level, means

Which of the following is the most dependent on sample size?

Use of a pretest as well as a posttest, rather than a posttest by itself, is valuable because

What is power?

Which of the following is a valid method of determining the necessary sample size of an investigation?

How can power be augmented in an investigation?

Statistical significance, magnitude of effect, and clinical significance:

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Sources of Artifact and Bias

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

Filters

Exam 15: Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation

Which of the following is an important consideration specific to making multiple comparisons?

A Bonferroni adjustment is designed

What is an advantage of meta-analysis?

What is statistical significance?

Intent-to-treat data analyses is designed

What is the goal of significance testing?

When are multivariate analyses appropriate?

What is alpha?

A statistically significant effect at the p < .00001 level, means

Which of the following is the most dependent on sample size?

Use of a pretest as well as a posttest, rather than a posttest by itself, is valuable because

What is power?

Which of the following is a valid method of determining the necessary sample size of an investigation?

How can power be augmented in an investigation?

Statistical significance, magnitude of effect, and clinical significance:

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Sources of Artifact and Bias

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

Filters