Question 1

What is the independent variable in case-control studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  The characteristic that was manipulated within groups 
B)  The characteristic that was manipulated between groups 
C)  The characteristic or criterion that served as the basis for selection 
D)  The characteristic or criterion that subjects were matched on across conditions 
A)  The characteristic that was manipulated within groups 
B)  The characteristic that was manipulated between groups 
C)  The characteristic or criterion that served as the basis for selection 
D)  The characteristic or criterion that subjects were matched on across conditions C

Question 2

What kind of interpretations can be made from cross-sectional designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Associations between variables 
B)  Causal relationships between variables 
C)  The strength of various treatments 
D)  Whether the independent variables were adequately manipulated 
A)  Associations between variables 
B)  Causal relationships between variables 
C)  The strength of various treatments 
D)  Whether the independent variables were adequately manipulated A

Question 3

How do case-control and cohort designs differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  In case-control, the groups are studied prospectively, but in cohort designs, the groups are studied retrospectively 
B)  In case-control, only one group is studied, but in cohort designs, more than one group is studied 
C)  In case-control, the groups are selected on the basis of an outcome that has already occurred, but in cohort designs, the groups are selected before the outcome has occurred 
D)  In case-control, the groups are selected before the outcome has occurred, but in cohort designs, the groups are selected on the basis of an outcome that has already occurred 
A)  In case-control, the groups are studied prospectively, but in cohort designs, the groups are studied retrospectively 
B)  In case-control, only one group is studied, but in cohort designs, more than one group is studied 
C)  In case-control, the groups are selected on the basis of an outcome that has already occurred, but in cohort designs, the groups are selected before the outcome has occurred 
D)  In case-control, the groups are selected before the outcome has occurred, but in cohort designs, the groups are selected on the basis of an outcome that has already occurred C

Question 4

What is a cohort design?

Accepted Answer

A)  A strategy in which the investigator studies an intact group or groups over time 
B)  A strategy in which the investigator manipulates an independent variable across groups and then looks at its effects over time 
C)  A strategy in which the investigator studies one individual over time 
D)  A strategy in which the investigator manipulates which subjects are randomly assigned 
A)  A strategy in which the investigator studies an intact group or groups over time 
B)  A strategy in which the investigator manipulates an independent variable across groups and then looks at its effects over time 
C)  A strategy in which the investigator studies one individual over time 
D)  A strategy in which the investigator manipulates which subjects are randomly assigned

Question 5

How are accelerated multi-group cohort longitudinal designs accelerated?

Accepted Answer

A)  By assessing smaller groups at subsequent measurements to complete the study more quickly 
B)  By assessing overlapping groups that cover the period of interest 
C)  By the use of retrospective measures to shorten the time period necessary for the study 
D)  By the use of computers to administer the materials more quickly to the subjects 
A)  By assessing smaller groups at subsequent measurements to complete the study more quickly 
B)  By assessing overlapping groups that cover the period of interest 
C)  By the use of retrospective measures to shorten the time period necessary for the study 
D)  By the use of computers to administer the materials more quickly to the subjects

Question 6

What is the role of the experimenter in observational research?

Accepted Answer

A)  To manipulate the independent variables 
B)  To conduct psychological interventions 
C)  To experimentally control for extraneous factors 
D)  To assess different characteristics and their associations 
A)  To manipulate the independent variables 
B)  To conduct psychological interventions 
C)  To experimentally control for extraneous factors 
D)  To assess different characteristics and their associations

Question 7

What is the goal of retrospective case-control designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  To draw inferences about how an antecedent condition varies within particular groups 
B)  To draw inferences about how an antecedent condition will influence future outcomes 
C)  To draw inferences about an antecedent condition that has caused the outcome 
D)  To draw inferences about an antecedent condition that has resulted in or is associated with the outcome 
A)  To draw inferences about how an antecedent condition varies within particular groups 
B)  To draw inferences about how an antecedent condition will influence future outcomes 
C)  To draw inferences about an antecedent condition that has caused the outcome 
D)  To draw inferences about an antecedent condition that has resulted in or is associated with the outcome

Question 8

What is the goal of cross-sectional research?

Accepted Answer

A)  To examine how factors that are associated with a characteristic of interest change over time 
B)  To examine factors that are associated with a particular characteristic of interest 
C)  To examine how manipulated factors interact with factors subjects are selected on 
D)  To examine factors that remain constant over time 
A)  To examine how factors that are associated with a characteristic of interest change over time 
B)  To examine factors that are associated with a particular characteristic of interest 
C)  To examine how manipulated factors interact with factors subjects are selected on 
D)  To examine factors that remain constant over time

Question 9

Which of the following is a weakness of cohort designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  The large numbers of subjects is necessary to study phenomena with a low base rate 
B)  The outcome might bias the measurement of the characteristics of interest 
C)  Inferences are limited to association rather than making statements about variables over time 
D)  Protective factors of the subjects might bias their outcomes 
A)  The large numbers of subjects is necessary to study phenomena with a low base rate 
B)  The outcome might bias the measurement of the characteristics of interest 
C)  Inferences are limited to association rather than making statements about variables over time 
D)  Protective factors of the subjects might bias their outcomes

Question 10

In which of the following designs is the investigator most likely to be justified in drawing causal inferences?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional designs 
B)  Retrospective designs 
C)  Longitudinal designs 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Cross-sectional designs 
B)  Retrospective designs 
C)  Longitudinal designs 
D)  All of the above

Question 11

What is a case-control design?

Accepted Answer

A)  A study in which the investigator forms groups of individuals who vary on the characteristic of interest and studies current or past features of that group 
B)  A study in which the investigator forms groups of individuals and manipulates an independent variable between those groups to measure its effects 
C)  A study in which the investigator examines one group of individuals in depth, over time 
D)  A study in which the investigator examines the role of group membership in the type of treatment individuals chose to engage in 
A)  A study in which the investigator forms groups of individuals who vary on the characteristic of interest and studies current or past features of that group 
B)  A study in which the investigator forms groups of individuals and manipulates an independent variable between those groups to measure its effects 
C)  A study in which the investigator examines one group of individuals in depth, over time 
D)  A study in which the investigator examines the role of group membership in the type of treatment individuals chose to engage in

Question 12

Which of the following is a strength of case-control designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  The results can be generalized to the population 
B)  Eliminates threats due to sampling biases 
C)  Allow the investigator to draw inferences about causality 
D)  Design is feasible and efficient 
A)  The results can be generalized to the population 
B)  Eliminates threats due to sampling biases 
C)  Allow the investigator to draw inferences about causality 
D)  Design is feasible and efficient

Question 13

How should the control group be selected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Control group should enrolled in treatment for the characteristic of interest 
B)  Control group should vary randomly on the characteristic of interest 
C)  Control group should allow the investigator to isolate the characteristic of interest 
D)  Control group should allow the investigator to statistically control for the characteristic of interest 
A)  Control group should enrolled in treatment for the characteristic of interest 
B)  Control group should vary randomly on the characteristic of interest 
C)  Control group should allow the investigator to isolate the characteristic of interest 
D)  Control group should allow the investigator to statistically control for the characteristic of interest

Question 14

Which of the following is a basic requirement of single-group cohort designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  A sample that maintains its status on the characteristic of interest over time 
B)  Assessments of different people about the same subject 
C)  Assessments occurring at two or more points in time 
D)  A sample that may serve as its own control 
A)  A sample that maintains its status on the characteristic of interest over time 
B)  Assessments of different people about the same subject 
C)  Assessments occurring at two or more points in time 
D)  A sample that may serve as its own control

Question 15

How might the selection of groups in observational studies affect the construct validity of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Populations sampled from might be too general 
B)  Populations sampled from might not be representative 
C)  Subjects' status on the characteristic of interest might vary systematically 
D)  Subjects might show random variation on other characteristics of interest 
A)  Populations sampled from might be too general 
B)  Populations sampled from might not be representative 
C)  Subjects' status on the characteristic of interest might vary systematically 
D)  Subjects might show random variation on other characteristics of interest

What is the independent variable in case-control studies?

What kind of interpretations can be made from cross-sectional designs?

How do case-control and cohort designs differ?

What is a cohort design?

How are accelerated multi-group cohort longitudinal designs accelerated?

What is the role of the experimenter in observational research?

What is the goal of retrospective case-control designs?

What is the goal of cross-sectional research?

Which of the following is a weakness of cohort designs?

In which of the following designs is the investigator most likely to be justified in drawing causal inferences?

What is a case-control design?

Which of the following is a strength of case-control designs?

How should the control group be selected?

Which of the following is a basic requirement of single-group cohort designs?

How might the selection of groups in observational studies affect the construct validity of the study?

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Sources of Artifact and Bias

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

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Exam 9: Observational Research: Case-Control and Cohort Designs

What is the independent variable in case-control studies?

What kind of interpretations can be made from cross-sectional designs?

How do case-control and cohort designs differ?

What is a cohort design?

How are accelerated multi-group cohort longitudinal designs accelerated?

What is the role of the experimenter in observational research?

What is the goal of retrospective case-control designs?

What is the goal of cross-sectional research?

Which of the following is a weakness of cohort designs?

In which of the following designs is the investigator most likely to be justified in drawing causal inferences?

What is a case-control design?

Which of the following is a strength of case-control designs?

How should the control group be selected?

Which of the following is a basic requirement of single-group cohort designs?

How might the selection of groups in observational studies affect the construct validity of the study?

Drawing Valid Inferences I: Internal and External Validity

Drawing Valid Inferences Ii: Construct and Statistical Conclusion Validity

Sources of Artifact and Bias

Selection of the Research Problem and Design

Experimental Research: Group Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Assessing the Impact of the Experimental Manipulation

The Case Study and Single-Case Research Designs

Evaluation of the Single Case in Clinical Work

Qualitative Research Methods: an Overview

Assessment Methods and Strategies

Assessment and Evaluation of Interventions

Statistical Methods of Data Evaluation

Interpretation of the Data

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Publication and Communication of Research Findings

Filters