Exam 7: Behavioral Approaches to Learning

In classical conditioning, the individual is largely active.

Rodney watches his dad act aggressively, and then starts to act the same way. Rodney has engaged in which of the following?

Tests usually cause anxiety in students. Students learn to become anxious when they take tests because they are graded and evaluated. But if a teacher starts giving tests in which students are given a second chance to improve their grades, test anxiety may diminish. After a vacation, however, the first self-graded test may elicit more nervousness from students than did the last self-graded test given before the vacation. This is an example of which of the following?

Any relatively permanent change in the behavior, thoughts, or feelings of an organism resulting from experience.

A teacher smiles at a student who correctly answers the question. This is an example of which of the following?

Operant conditioning results in either an increase or a decrease in the probability of an operant behavior in response to environmental events.

A small penalty imposed for each instance of an undesirable behavior.

A worker is given a paycheck when he completes a task. A paycheck is an example of which of the following?

Who discovered classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the individual is largely _________. In operant conditioning, in contrast, the individual is largely __________.

Something that elicits a physiological or emotional response prior to training.

The mechanism by which stimuli similar to the original CS can elicit the CR.

Change that occurs as a result of genetic programming, given the normal range of environments.

Students become anxious as the teacher announces "clear everything off your desk" and holds up a stack of papers for distribution--they know a test is coming. These students may also become anxious when the teacher says "clear everything off your desk" and holds up an activity sheet, despite the fact that the students actually enjoy the activity. This is an example of which of the following?

A physiological behavior elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

In an interval schedule a certain number of the desired operants is reinforced, without regard to the passage of time.

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when children watch someone else being reinforced.

Classical conditioning has been used to curtail coyote attacks on sheep. Fresh mutton is tainted with a poison that causes dizziness and nausea. After a while, just the smell of sheep sends the coyotes running away. In this example, what is the US?

What was Pavlov studying when he discovered classical conditioning?

Edward L. Thorndike discovered classical conditioning.