Question 1

What is transductive reasoning? Compare and contrast precausal and causal reasoning. Give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that involves making inferences based on specific instances or examples, rather than on general principles or rules. It is often used inductive reasoning, which involves making generalizations based on specific observations.

Precausal reasoning is a type of transductive reasoning that involves making connections between events or phenomena without understanding the underlying causal mechanisms. This type of reasoning often leads to superstitious beliefs or magical thinking. For example, a child might believe that wearing a certain shirt will make their favorite sports team win a game, even though there is no logical connection between the two events.

Causal reasoning, on the other hand, involves making connections between events or phenomena based on an understanding of the underlying causal mechanisms. This type of reasoning is based on the idea that one event causes another event to occur. For example, if a person understands that eating spoiled food can cause food poisoning, they will avoid eating food that has gone bad.

In summary, transductive reasoning involves making inferences based on specific instances, while causal reasoning involves understanding the underlying causal mechanisms that connect events. Precausal reasoning is a type of transductive reasoning that lacks an understanding of causal mechanisms, while causal reasoning involves understanding and applying causal relationships.

Question 2

Egocentrism reflects moments in early childhood thought during which children are able to mentally pull away from focusing on a single aspect of a situation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The fact that most 3­ to 4­year­old children know that a person in a costume is the same person when in his or her regular clothes indicates that children at this age:

Accepted Answer

A) are egocentric. 
B) can distinguish appearance from reality. 
C) can take another's perspective. 
D) have achieved formal operations. 
A) are egocentric. 
B) can distinguish appearance from reality. 
C) can take another's perspective. 
D) have achieved formal operations. B

Question 4

Children's increasing ability to remember events can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) children's increasing prior knowledge about events to be remembered. 
B) adult assistance in helping children remember events. 
C) the development of more effective processes for encoding, storing, and retrieving information. 
D) age­based increases in the duration with which information can be held in short­term memory. 
A) children's increasing prior knowledge about events to be remembered. 
B) adult assistance in helping children remember events. 
C) the development of more effective processes for encoding, storing, and retrieving information. 
D) age­based increases in the duration with which information can be held in short­term memory.

Question 5

Cite evidence supporting an information­processing explanation of preschoolers' cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

An information-processing explanation of

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT considered a privileged domain by Chen & Siegler?

Accepted Answer

A) psychology 
B) reasoning 
C) biology 
D) physics 
A) psychology 
B) reasoning 
C) biology 
D) physics

Question 7

Marla has just learned how to skip and has spent the afternoon skipping around in her front yard. How old is she likely to be?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 years 
B) 3 years 
C) 4 years 
D) 5 years 
A) 2 years 
B) 3 years 
C) 4 years 
D) 5 years

Question 8

Describe the primary aspects of preschoolers' thought according to Piaget. Cite evidence from other psychologists' research supporting or modifying Piaget's views.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, preschoolers' thoug

Question 9

What role does experience play in modularity accounts of domain­specific cognitive development? How does this compare to the role of experience according to theory theory accounts?

Accepted Answer

Experience plays a crucial role in modul

Question 10

When children see a surprising causal event that is inconsistent with what they have already learned about the world, their first response is to:

Accepted Answer

A) ignore the new information. 
B) explore the unusual event. 
C) accept new rules for the ways the world works. 
D) confirm the accuracy of their prior understandings. 
A) ignore the new information. 
B) explore the unusual event. 
C) accept new rules for the ways the world works. 
D) confirm the accuracy of their prior understandings.

Question 11

According to theory theory, how are children's thinking about privileged domains and scientific theorizing alike?

Accepted Answer

A) Both refer to abstract principles. 
B) Both are well­articulated and subject to conscious reflection. 
C) Both offer domain­specific causal explanations. 
D) Neither offers reasonable predictions about future events. 
A) Both refer to abstract principles. 
B) Both are well­articulated and subject to conscious reflection. 
C) Both offer domain­specific causal explanations. 
D) Neither offers reasonable predictions about future events.

Question 12

Gaining weight more rapidly than one's peers is a risk factor for being overweight.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The information­processing approach considers cognitive development:

Accepted Answer

A) to be analogous to the workings of a digital computer. 
B) within each child's cultural context. 
C) to be based on maturation of innate modules. 
D) to be focused on children's ability to perform mental operations. 
A) to be analogous to the workings of a digital computer. 
B) within each child's cultural context. 
C) to be based on maturation of innate modules. 
D) to be focused on children's ability to perform mental operations.

Question 14

Scripts are:

Accepted Answer

A) guides to action. 
B) the same as contexts. 
C) the same as theories. 
D) never used to guide action. 
A) guides to action. 
B) the same as contexts. 
C) the same as theories. 
D) never used to guide action.

Question 15

Young children's tendency to focus on only one feature of an object is called:

Accepted Answer

A) centration. 
B) decentration. 
C) objectivity. 
D) egocentrism. 
A) centration. 
B) decentration. 
C) objectivity. 
D) egocentrism.

Question 16

When Rheta De Vries put a dog mask on a cat:

Accepted Answer

A) 3­year­olds believed the cat was still a cat. 
B) all the children believed that the cat remained a cat. 
C) 4­ and 5­year­olds showed significant signs of confusion. 
D) all the children under the age of 7 believed the cat became a dog. 
A) 3­year­olds believed the cat was still a cat. 
B) all the children believed that the cat remained a cat. 
C) 4­ and 5­year­olds showed significant signs of confusion. 
D) all the children under the age of 7 believed the cat became a dog.

Question 17

Researchers believe that children with autism provide support for a modularity theory of development because these children:

Accepted Answer

A) talk about more modules of thinking than other children. 
B) develop in a more stage­like manner than children without autism. 
C) demonstrate an understanding of privileged domains at an early age. 
D) can succeed at reasoning tasks in many domains but not on the false belief task. 
A) talk about more modules of thinking than other children. 
B) develop in a more stage­like manner than children without autism. 
C) demonstrate an understanding of privileged domains at an early age. 
D) can succeed at reasoning tasks in many domains but not on the false belief task.

Question 18

Judy DeLoache reasons that the scale errors made by young children are likely due to:

Accepted Answer

A) an inability to perceive the true size of objects. 
B) playfulness associated with the increase in pretend play during the early childhood years. 
C) a dissociation between perception and action due to lack of experience with similar objects that vary in size. 
D) a dissociation between perception and action due to immature brain development. 
A) an inability to perceive the true size of objects. 
B) playfulness associated with the increase in pretend play during the early childhood years. 
C) a dissociation between perception and action due to lack of experience with similar objects that vary in size. 
D) a dissociation between perception and action due to immature brain development.

Question 19

Discuss the role of biological maturation according to the modularity theory, and according to the cultural­ context theory, in the cognitive development of a preschooler. How are they similar? How do they differ?

Accepted Answer

The role of biological maturation accord

Question 20

Research on variations in the pencil­in­a­candy­box false belief task indicates:

Accepted Answer

A)  no matter how it is presented, children only rarely indicate an understanding of others' beliefs before age4. 
B)  75 percent of 3­year­old children can pass the task if their role is changed to trying to trick another person. 
C)  once children can pass the standard false belief task, they are able to evaluate others' desires in competitive games. 
D)  children develop their understanding of others' beliefs in a stage­like manner. 
A)  no matter how it is presented, children only rarely indicate an understanding of others' beliefs before age4. 
B)  75 percent of 3­year­old children can pass the task if their role is changed to trying to trick another person. 
C)  once children can pass the standard false belief task, they are able to evaluate others' desires in competitive games. 
D)  children develop their understanding of others' beliefs in a stage­like manner.

What is transductive reasoning? Compare and contrast precausal and causal reasoning. Give an example of each.

Egocentrism reflects moments in early childhood thought during which children are able to mentally pull away from focusing on a single aspect of a situation.

The fact that most 3 to 4yearold children know that a person in a costume is the same person when in his or her regular clothes indicates that children at this age:

Children's increasing ability to remember events can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Cite evidence supporting an informationprocessing explanation of preschoolers' cognitive development.

Which of the following is NOT considered a privileged domain by Chen & Siegler?

Marla has just learned how to skip and has spent the afternoon skipping around in her front yard. How old is she likely to be?

Describe the primary aspects of preschoolers' thought according to Piaget. Cite evidence from other psychologists' research supporting or modifying Piaget's views.

What role does experience play in modularity accounts of domainspecific cognitive development? How does this compare to the role of experience according to theory theory accounts?

When children see a surprising causal event that is inconsistent with what they have already learned about the world, their first response is to:

According to theory theory, how are children's thinking about privileged domains and scientific theorizing alike?

Gaining weight more rapidly than one's peers is a risk factor for being overweight.

The informationprocessing approach considers cognitive development:

Scripts are:

Young children's tendency to focus on only one feature of an object is called:

When Rheta De Vries put a dog mask on a cat:

Researchers believe that children with autism provide support for a modularity theory of development because these children:

Judy DeLoache reasons that the scale errors made by young children are likely due to:

Discuss the role of biological maturation according to the modularity theory, and according to the cultural context theory, in the cognitive development of a preschooler. How are they similar? How do they differ?

Research on variations in the pencilinacandybox false belief task indicates:

The Study of Human Development

Biocultural Foundations

Prenatal Development and Birth

The First Three Months

Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Language Acquisition

Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Contexts of Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

School As a Context for Development

Social and Emotional Developments in Middle Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence

Filters

Exam 8: Physical and Cognitive Development of Early Childhood

What is transductive reasoning? Compare and contrast precausal and causal reasoning. Give an example of each.

Egocentrism reflects moments in early childhood thought during which children are able to mentally pull away from focusing on a single aspect of a situation.

The fact that most 3­ to 4­year­old children know that a person in a costume is the same person when in his or her regular clothes indicates that children at this age:

Children's increasing ability to remember events can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Cite evidence supporting an information­processing explanation of preschoolers' cognitive development.

Which of the following is NOT considered a privileged domain by Chen & Siegler?

Marla has just learned how to skip and has spent the afternoon skipping around in her front yard. How old is she likely to be?

Describe the primary aspects of preschoolers' thought according to Piaget. Cite evidence from other psychologists' research supporting or modifying Piaget's views.

What role does experience play in modularity accounts of domain­specific cognitive development? How does this compare to the role of experience according to theory theory accounts?

When children see a surprising causal event that is inconsistent with what they have already learned about the world, their first response is to:

According to theory theory, how are children's thinking about privileged domains and scientific theorizing alike?

Gaining weight more rapidly than one's peers is a risk factor for being overweight.

The information­processing approach considers cognitive development:

Scripts are:

Young children's tendency to focus on only one feature of an object is called:

When Rheta De Vries put a dog mask on a cat:

Researchers believe that children with autism provide support for a modularity theory of development because these children:

Judy DeLoache reasons that the scale errors made by young children are likely due to:

Discuss the role of biological maturation according to the modularity theory, and according to the cultural­ context theory, in the cognitive development of a preschooler. How are they similar? How do they differ?

Research on variations in the pencil­in­a­candy­box false belief task indicates:

The Study of Human Development

Biocultural Foundations

Prenatal Development and Birth

The First Three Months

Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Language Acquisition

Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Contexts of Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

School As a Context for Development

Social and Emotional Developments in Middle Childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence

Filters

The fact that most 3 to 4yearold children know that a person in a costume is the same person when in his or her regular clothes indicates that children at this age:

Cite evidence supporting an informationprocessing explanation of preschoolers' cognitive development.

What role does experience play in modularity accounts of domainspecific cognitive development? How does this compare to the role of experience according to theory theory accounts?

The informationprocessing approach considers cognitive development:

Discuss the role of biological maturation according to the modularity theory, and according to the cultural context theory, in the cognitive development of a preschooler. How are they similar? How do they differ?

Research on variations in the pencilinacandybox false belief task indicates: