Exam 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

How would you expect a child in the tertiary circular reactions stage of Piaget's substages to pull a stick through the bars of her playpen?

Manual dexterity increases significantly:

The emergence of pretend play is a sign that children are engaged in representational thinking.

Using the violation­of­expectancies method, investigators have found that between 3 and 9 months of age, and sometimes earlier, infants appear to have at least an initial grasp of a wide variety of physical laws concerning the behavior of objects. For example, it has been demonstrated that infants in this age range show surprise when:

The changes in the brain that occur at around 7 to 9 months of age allow the child to:

Infant growth restriction is associated with which of the following?

The repetition of actions that happen by chance separates the first two substages of the sensorimotor stage from secondary circular reactions.

At which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period would you expect to first see children engaging in trial­ and­error experiments on the world around them?

Developmentalists generally agree that recall (explicit) and recognition (implicit) memory occur as early as 6 weeks of age.

During the second year of life:

In sensorimotor substage 4, infants coordinate secondary circular reactions mainly to:

Gross motor skills develop in an unpredictable order.

Ache babies spend much of their first 3 years of life in close proximity to their mothers, often being held. Which of the following BEST describes how their gross motor development compares to that of U.S. infants?

Kipsigi babies in Kenya, who are given training by parents in sitting, standing, and walking:

What is the A­not­B error? How have developmental scientists explained this pattern of response among young children?

How will 3­month­old infants exposed to picture after picture of vehicles react when they are presented with a picture of a horse and a picture of a fire truck?

Certain psychologists believe changes in brain structure provide the physical basis for more complex motor behavior, and for increased ability to learn and solve problems. Explain these views and give examples.

Just before toddlers make rapid advances in language ability, we could expect to see:

Which of the following infants is using fine motor skills?

After seeing her mother put on eyeshadow, 2­year­old Sari uses her paint set to pretend to apply color to her own eyelids. This is an example of object permanence.