Question 1

Many "errors" in human thinking reflect what rather than irrationality?

Accepted Answer

A)  Environmental constraints 
B)  Anticipation of future consequences 
C)  Heightened information capacity 
D)  Limited processing capacity 
E)  Incomplete knowledge 
A)  Environmental constraints 
B)  Anticipation of future consequences 
C)  Heightened information capacity 
D)  Limited processing capacity 
E)  Incomplete knowledge D

Question 2

According to Evans (2008) and Stanovich and West (2000), differences in intelligence are mostly associated with the functioning of:

Accepted Answer

A)  System 1 thinking 
B)  System 1 and 2 thinking 
C)  System 2 thinking 
D)  System 2 and 3 thinking 
E)  System 3 thinking 
A)  System 1 thinking 
B)  System 1 and 2 thinking 
C)  System 2 thinking 
D)  System 2 and 3 thinking 
E)  System 3 thinking C

Question 3

According to which theory will there be less belief bias when Type 2 processes are used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dual-process theories 
B)  Theories of forgetting 
C)  Theories of conditional reasoning 
D)  Theories of deductive reasoning 
E)  Mental models 
A)  Dual-process theories 
B)  Theories of forgetting 
C)  Theories of conditional reasoning 
D)  Theories of deductive reasoning 
E)  Mental models A

Question 4

Hahn and Oaksford (2007) suggest everyday rationality is founded on uncertain rather than certain reasoning, and so ______ provides a better starting point for an account of human reasoning than logic

Accepted Answer

A)  concreteness 
B)  uncertainty 
C)  mental models 
D)  relevance 
E)  probability 
A)  concreteness 
B)  uncertainty 
C)  mental models 
D)  relevance 
E)  probability

Question 5

One defining feature of Type 1 processing is its lack of involvement in working memory. What is its other key feature?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capacity-limited 
B)  Consciousness 
C)  Controlled motivation 
D)  Autonomy 
E)  Serial 
A)  Capacity-limited 
B)  Consciousness 
C)  Controlled motivation 
D)  Autonomy 
E)  Serial

Question 6

One of the central assumptions of mental models theory is that people will search for what, after constructing an initial mental model and generating a conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Validity 
B)  Inconsistent inferences 
C)  Invalid inferences 
D)  Counterexamples 
E)  Real-world relevance 
A)  Validity 
B)  Inconsistent inferences 
C)  Invalid inferences 
D)  Counterexamples 
E)  Real-world relevance

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Hahn and Oaksford identified as influencing the perceived strength of a conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Degree of previous conviction or belief 
B)  Negative arguments have more impact than positive ones 
C)  Evidence strength 
D)  Positive arguments have more impact than negative ones 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Degree of previous conviction or belief 
B)  Negative arguments have more impact than positive ones 
C)  Evidence strength 
D)  Positive arguments have more impact than negative ones 
E)  All of the above

Question 8

Working memory capacity has been found to predict performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Conditional reasoning 
B)  Syllogistic reasoning 
C)  Belief-bias reasoning problems 
D)  Sunk-cost effect 
E)  Real-world reasoning 
A)  Conditional reasoning 
B)  Syllogistic reasoning 
C)  Belief-bias reasoning problems 
D)  Sunk-cost effect 
E)  Real-world reasoning

Question 9

Johnson-Laird's theory assumes that individuals minimise demands on working memory by only constructing mental models representing explicitly:

Accepted Answer

A)  What involves the fewest chunks 
B)  What is false 
C)  What is true 
D)  What fires consistent schemas 
E)  Only what is true and what is false, disregarding what is ambiguous 
A)  What involves the fewest chunks 
B)  What is false 
C)  What is true 
D)  What fires consistent schemas 
E)  Only what is true and what is false, disregarding what is ambiguous

Question 10

If Susan is angry, then I am upset. I am upset. Conclusion: Susan is angry. This type of conditional reasoning is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Denial of the antecedent 
B)  Affirmation of the consequent 
C)  Modus tollens 
D)  Modus ponens 
E)  Base-rate fallacy 
A)  Denial of the antecedent 
B)  Affirmation of the consequent 
C)  Modus tollens 
D)  Modus ponens 
E)  Base-rate fallacy

Question 11

Which form of reasoning involves making a generalised conclusion from premises referring to particular instances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deductive reasoning 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Decision-making 
D)  Judgement 
E)  Inductive reasoning 
A)  Deductive reasoning 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Decision-making 
D)  Judgement 
E)  Inductive reasoning

Question 12

Only 21% were correct on their first attempt, and 28% never discovered the rule at all. To which hypothesis-testing task, devised by Wason (1960), do these findings refer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Remote Associates Test 
B)  2-4-6 task 
C)  Selection task 
D)  Tower of Hanoi 
E)  Tower of London 
A)  Remote Associates Test 
B)  2-4-6 task 
C)  Selection task 
D)  Tower of Hanoi 
E)  Tower of London

Question 13

Houdé and Borst (2015) argued the ________ is involved in ______ incorrect responses triggered by Type ____ processes

Accepted Answer

A)  right inferior frontal cortex, inhibiting, Type 1 
B)  left anterior frontal cortex, activation, Type 1 
C)  bilateral frontal cortex, inhibiting, Type 2 
D)  right inferior frontal cortex, activating, Type 2 
E)  left inferior frontal cortex, inhibition, Type 1 
A)  right inferior frontal cortex, inhibiting, Type 1 
B)  left anterior frontal cortex, activation, Type 1 
C)  bilateral frontal cortex, inhibiting, Type 2 
D)  right inferior frontal cortex, activating, Type 2 
E)  left inferior frontal cortex, inhibition, Type 1

Question 14

Popper (1968) argued that hypotheses can never be proved to be true by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Formal reasoning 
B)  Genetic studies 
C)  Simply generalising from confirming instances 
D)  Brain-lesion studies 
E)  Inductive reasoning 
A)  Formal reasoning 
B)  Genetic studies 
C)  Simply generalising from confirming instances 
D)  Brain-lesion studies 
E)  Inductive reasoning

Question 15

Participants in Dunbar's (1993) genetic controlled study were led to focus on the hypothesis that the gene control was by ______ whereas it was actually by ______:

Accepted Answer

A)  activation, inhibition 
B)  deactivation, inhibition 
C)  inhibition, activation 
D)  inhibition, deactivation 
E)  activation, predetermined decisions 
A)  activation, inhibition 
B)  deactivation, inhibition 
C)  inhibition, activation 
D)  inhibition, deactivation 
E)  activation, predetermined decisions

Question 16

The tendency for participants to select items named in a given rule describes what type of bias:

Accepted Answer

A)  Selection 
B)  Bracketing 
C)  Hill climbing 
D)  Matching 
E)  Ratio 
A)  Selection 
B)  Bracketing 
C)  Hill climbing 
D)  Matching 
E)  Ratio

Question 17

Which task poses the question "If there is an R on one side of the card, then there is a 2 on the other side of the card"?

Accepted Answer

A)  The standard conditional reasoning task 
B)  The Tower of London task 
C)  The standard Wason selection task 
D)  The transitive inference task 
E)  The card-sorting task 
A)  The standard conditional reasoning task 
B)  The Tower of London task 
C)  The standard Wason selection task 
D)  The transitive inference task 
E)  The card-sorting task

Question 18

Stanovich and West (2007) specified three different reasons why individuals produce incorrect heuristic responses. Specifically, the lack of what is said to be the cause in Path 1?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decoupling capacity 
B)  Inhibitory control 
C)  Attentional resources 
D)  Mindware 
E)  Frame 
A)  Decoupling capacity 
B)  Inhibitory control 
C)  Attentional resources 
D)  Mindware 
E)  Frame

Question 19

A syllogism consists of how many premise(s), followed by a conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Two or more 
D)  Three or more 
E)  Any number 
A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Two or more 
D)  Three or more 
E)  Any number

Question 20

Tom is taller than Dick, and Dick is taller than Harry, therefore Tom is taller than Harry. Drawing the conclusion that Tom is taller than Harry is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Deductive reasoning 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Decision-making 
D)  Judgement 
E)  Inductive reasoning 
A)  Deductive reasoning 
B)  Problem solving 
C)  Decision-making 
D)  Judgement 
E)  Inductive reasoning

Many "errors" in human thinking reflect what rather than irrationality?

According to Evans (2008) and Stanovich and West (2000), differences in intelligence are mostly associated with the functioning of:

According to which theory will there be less belief bias when Type 2 processes are used?

Hahn and Oaksford (2007) suggest everyday rationality is founded on uncertain rather than certain reasoning, and so ______ provides a better starting point for an account of human reasoning than logic

One defining feature of Type 1 processing is its lack of involvement in working memory. What is its other key feature?

One of the central assumptions of mental models theory is that people will search for what, after constructing an initial mental model and generating a conclusion?

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Hahn and Oaksford identified as influencing the perceived strength of a conclusion?

Working memory capacity has been found to predict performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT:

Johnson-Laird's theory assumes that individuals minimise demands on working memory by only constructing mental models representing explicitly:

If Susan is angry, then I am upset. I am upset. Conclusion: Susan is angry. This type of conditional reasoning is known as:

Which form of reasoning involves making a generalised conclusion from premises referring to particular instances?

Only 21% were correct on their first attempt, and 28% never discovered the rule at all. To which hypothesis-testing task, devised by Wason (1960), do these findings refer?

Houdé and Borst (2015) argued the __ is involved in incorrect responses triggered by Type processes

Popper (1968) argued that hypotheses can never be proved to be true by:

Participants in Dunbar's (1993) genetic controlled study were led to focus on the hypothesis that the gene control was by whereas it was actually by :

The tendency for participants to select items named in a given rule describes what type of bias:

Which task poses the question "If there is an R on one side of the card, then there is a 2 on the other side of the card"?

Stanovich and West (2007) specified three different reasons why individuals produce incorrect heuristic responses. Specifically, the lack of what is said to be the cause in Path 1?

A syllogism consists of how many premise(s), followed by a conclusion?

Tom is taller than Dick, and Dick is taller than Harry, therefore Tom is taller than Harry. Drawing the conclusion that Tom is taller than Harry is an example of:

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters

Exam 14: Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Many "errors" in human thinking reflect what rather than irrationality?

According to Evans (2008) and Stanovich and West (2000), differences in intelligence are mostly associated with the functioning of:

According to which theory will there be less belief bias when Type 2 processes are used?

Hahn and Oaksford (2007) suggest everyday rationality is founded on uncertain rather than certain reasoning, and so ______ provides a better starting point for an account of human reasoning than logic

One defining feature of Type 1 processing is its lack of involvement in working memory. What is its other key feature?

One of the central assumptions of mental models theory is that people will search for what, after constructing an initial mental model and generating a conclusion?

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Hahn and Oaksford identified as influencing the perceived strength of a conclusion?

Working memory capacity has been found to predict performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT:

Johnson-Laird's theory assumes that individuals minimise demands on working memory by only constructing mental models representing explicitly:

If Susan is angry, then I am upset. I am upset. Conclusion: Susan is angry. This type of conditional reasoning is known as:

Which form of reasoning involves making a generalised conclusion from premises referring to particular instances?

Only 21% were correct on their first attempt, and 28% never discovered the rule at all. To which hypothesis-testing task, devised by Wason (1960), do these findings refer?

Houdé and Borst (2015) argued the ________ is involved in ______ incorrect responses triggered by Type ____ processes

Popper (1968) argued that hypotheses can never be proved to be true by:

Participants in Dunbar's (1993) genetic controlled study were led to focus on the hypothesis that the gene control was by ______ whereas it was actually by ______:

The tendency for participants to select items named in a given rule describes what type of bias:

Which task poses the question "If there is an R on one side of the card, then there is a 2 on the other side of the card"?

Stanovich and West (2007) specified three different reasons why individuals produce incorrect heuristic responses. Specifically, the lack of what is said to be the cause in Path 1?

A syllogism consists of how many premise(s), followed by a conclusion?

Tom is taller than Dick, and Dick is taller than Harry, therefore Tom is taller than Harry. Drawing the conclusion that Tom is taller than Harry is an example of:

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters

Houdé and Borst (2015) argued the __ is involved in incorrect responses triggered by Type processes

Participants in Dunbar's (1993) genetic controlled study were led to focus on the hypothesis that the gene control was by whereas it was actually by :