Question 1

Which of the following statements describes one of the key assumptions of the garden-path model of parsing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Semantic processing is necessary to construct initial syntactic structure 
B)  Semantic processing occurs prior to syntactic processing 
C)  Semantic processing does not influence the construction of the initial syntactic structure 
D)  Semantic and syntactic processing occur simultaneously 
E)  None of these 
A)  Semantic processing is necessary to construct initial syntactic structure 
B)  Semantic processing occurs prior to syntactic processing 
C)  Semantic processing does not influence the construction of the initial syntactic structure 
D)  Semantic and syntactic processing occur simultaneously 
E)  None of these C

Question 2

A word referring back to a person or object previously mentioned in a text or speech is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Topographic 
B)  Anaphor 
C)  Phonological 
D)  Lemma 
E)  Transitive 
A)  Topographic 
B)  Anaphor 
C)  Phonological 
D)  Lemma 
E)  Transitive B

Question 3

What do Heller et al.'s (2016) findings indicate about listeners?

Accepted Answer

A)  They use uncommon ground 
B)  They use common ground 
C)  They use egocentric perspectives 
D)  They use heuristics 
E)  They use semantics 
A)  They use uncommon ground 
B)  They use common ground 
C)  They use egocentric perspectives 
D)  They use heuristics 
E)  They use semantics B

Question 4

MacDonald et al.'s (1994) constraint-based theory of parsing is based on:

Accepted Answer

A)  A stage-theory model 
B)  Freudian ideas 
C)  Neuropsychological data 
D)  Behaviourist ideas 
E)  Connectionist architecture 
A)  A stage-theory model 
B)  Freudian ideas 
C)  Neuropsychological data 
D)  Behaviourist ideas 
E)  Connectionist architecture

Question 5

The measure of reading span has been used to test:

Accepted Answer

A)  Working memory capacity 
B)  Motivation 
C)  IQ 
D)  Long-term memory capacity 
E)  Prosodic cues 
A)  Working memory capacity 
B)  Motivation 
C)  IQ 
D)  Long-term memory capacity 
E)  Prosodic cues

Question 6

In the garden-path model of parsing, the notion that new words encountered in a sentence are attached to the current phrase, if grammatically permissible, forms the basis of which principle?

Accepted Answer

A)  The principle of minimal attachment 
B)  The principle of late closure 
C)  The principle of common ground 
D)  The principle of good-enough representations 
E)  None of these 
A)  The principle of minimal attachment 
B)  The principle of late closure 
C)  The principle of common ground 
D)  The principle of good-enough representations 
E)  None of these

Question 7

Which of the following statements describes an assumption of the standard pragmatic model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Literal meanings are always accessed before non-literal meanings 
B)  Several literal meanings are generated in Stage 3 
C)  Literal and non-literal meanings are accessed simultaneously 
D)  Non-literal meanings are generated in Stage 1 
E)  Non-literal meanings are always accessed before literal meanings 
A)  Literal meanings are always accessed before non-literal meanings 
B)  Several literal meanings are generated in Stage 3 
C)  Literal and non-literal meanings are accessed simultaneously 
D)  Non-literal meanings are generated in Stage 1 
E)  Non-literal meanings are always accessed before literal meanings

Question 8

What, within the sentence, depended mostly on linguistic information in Coco and Keller's (2015) study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ambiguity solution 
B)  Disambiguity solution 
C)  Ambiguity resolution 
D)  Linguistic information 
E)  Visual context 
A)  Ambiguity solution 
B)  Disambiguity solution 
C)  Ambiguity resolution 
D)  Linguistic information 
E)  Visual context

Question 9

Inferences that are made to establish coherence between the current part of the text and preceding text are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Elaborative inferences 
B)  Logical inferences 
C)  Linking inferences 
D)  Bridging inferences 
E)  Metaphorical inferences 
A)  Elaborative inferences 
B)  Logical inferences 
C)  Linking inferences 
D)  Bridging inferences 
E)  Metaphorical inferences

Question 10

A statement making an assertion or denial that can be true or false is technically referred to as a[n]:

Accepted Answer

A)  Independent query 
B)  Circular reasoning 
C)  Maxim 
D)  Preposition 
E)  Proposition 
A)  Independent query 
B)  Circular reasoning 
C)  Maxim 
D)  Preposition 
E)  Proposition

Question 11

Kintsch (2000) put forward a prediction model of metaphor, suggesting that which of the following components selects features of the predicate that are relevant to the argument, and inhibits irrelevant predicate features?

Accepted Answer

A)  Latent semantic analysis 
B)  Mutual dampening 
C)  Analogical reasoning 
D)  Modus tollens 
E)  Construction-integration 
A)  Latent semantic analysis 
B)  Mutual dampening 
C)  Analogical reasoning 
D)  Modus tollens 
E)  Construction-integration

Question 12

According to Garrod and Terras (2000), the two stages (in order) involved in establishing coherence between parts of the text are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Fixation, interlocution 
B)  Separation, integration 
C)  Circumlocution, resolution 
D)  Identification, bonding 
E)  Bonding, resolution 
A)  Fixation, interlocution 
B)  Separation, integration 
C)  Circumlocution, resolution 
D)  Identification, bonding 
E)  Bonding, resolution

Question 13

If an entire sentence has two or more possible interpretations we say that it is ambiguous at the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Basic level 
B)  Local level 
C)  Meaning level 
D)  Global level 
E)  Subordinate level 
A)  Basic level 
B)  Local level 
C)  Meaning level 
D)  Global level 
E)  Subordinate level

Question 14

The findings of McKoon and Ratcliff (1992) are more consistent with which account of text processing?

Accepted Answer

A)  The minimalist position 
B)  The constructionist position 
C)  Constructionist-integration theory 
D)  Script-pointer-plus-tag hypothesis 
E)  Search-after-meaning theory 
A)  The minimalist position 
B)  The constructionist position 
C)  Constructionist-integration theory 
D)  Script-pointer-plus-tag hypothesis 
E)  Search-after-meaning theory

Question 15

The greatest difference between the minimalist and constructionist positions on text processing concerns:

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of strategic inferences drawn 
B)  The number of automatic inferences drawn 
C)  The number of bridging inferences drawn 
D)  The number of global inferences drawn 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The number of strategic inferences drawn 
B)  The number of automatic inferences drawn 
C)  The number of bridging inferences drawn 
D)  The number of global inferences drawn 
E)  All of the above

Question 16

Which ERP component has been used as a measure of the time to detect a semantic mismatch by researchers such as Hagoort et al. (2004)?

Accepted Answer

A)  P3 
B)  N2pC 
C)  ERN 
D)  N400 
E)  P200 
A)  P3 
B)  N2pC 
C)  ERN 
D)  N400 
E)  P200

Question 17

According to Bartlett (1932), the main impact of schematic knowledge occurs at:

Accepted Answer

A)  Encoding 
B)  Learning 
C)  Initial comprehension 
D)  Retrieval 
E)  Storage 
A)  Encoding 
B)  Learning 
C)  Initial comprehension 
D)  Retrieval 
E)  Storage

Question 18

According to Keysar (2000), information about common ground is used to correct any misunderstandings resulting from the use of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Ambiguous sentences 
B)  Prosodic cues 
C)  The egocentric heuristic 
D)  Body language 
E)  None of these 
A)  Ambiguous sentences 
B)  Prosodic cues 
C)  The egocentric heuristic 
D)  Body language 
E)  None of these

Question 19

Graesser et al. (1997) argued that Kintsch's theory ignored two levels of discourse representation: text genre and which of the following levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  Communication 
B)  Letter genre 
C)  Transmission 
D)  Subliminal 
E)  Perceptual 
A)  Communication 
B)  Letter genre 
C)  Transmission 
D)  Subliminal 
E)  Perceptual

Question 20

Häuser et al. (2016) applied rTMS to which network, which they hypothesised provides cognitive control to resolve semantic conflicts?

Accepted Answer

A)  BA 22 
B)  BA 17 
C)  BA 45 
D)  BA 41 
E)  BA 40 
A)  BA 22 
B)  BA 17 
C)  BA 45 
D)  BA 41 
E)  BA 40

Which of the following statements describes one of the key assumptions of the garden-path model of parsing?

A word referring back to a person or object previously mentioned in a text or speech is an example of:

What do Heller et al.'s (2016) findings indicate about listeners?

MacDonald et al.'s (1994) constraint-based theory of parsing is based on:

The measure of reading span has been used to test:

In the garden-path model of parsing, the notion that new words encountered in a sentence are attached to the current phrase, if grammatically permissible, forms the basis of which principle?

Which of the following statements describes an assumption of the standard pragmatic model?

What, within the sentence, depended mostly on linguistic information in Coco and Keller's (2015) study?

Inferences that are made to establish coherence between the current part of the text and preceding text are called:

A statement making an assertion or denial that can be true or false is technically referred to as a[n]:

Kintsch (2000) put forward a prediction model of metaphor, suggesting that which of the following components selects features of the predicate that are relevant to the argument, and inhibits irrelevant predicate features?

According to Garrod and Terras (2000), the two stages (in order) involved in establishing coherence between parts of the text are:

If an entire sentence has two or more possible interpretations we say that it is ambiguous at the:

The findings of McKoon and Ratcliff (1992) are more consistent with which account of text processing?

The greatest difference between the minimalist and constructionist positions on text processing concerns:

Which ERP component has been used as a measure of the time to detect a semantic mismatch by researchers such as Hagoort et al. (2004)?

According to Bartlett (1932), the main impact of schematic knowledge occurs at:

According to Keysar (2000), information about common ground is used to correct any misunderstandings resulting from the use of:

Graesser et al. (1997) argued that Kintsch's theory ignored two levels of discourse representation: text genre and which of the following levels?

Häuser et al. (2016) applied rTMS to which network, which they hypothesised provides cognitive control to resolve semantic conflicts?

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters

Exam 10: Language Comprehension

Which of the following statements describes one of the key assumptions of the garden-path model of parsing?

A word referring back to a person or object previously mentioned in a text or speech is an example of:

What do Heller et al.'s (2016) findings indicate about listeners?

MacDonald et al.'s (1994) constraint-based theory of parsing is based on:

The measure of reading span has been used to test:

In the garden-path model of parsing, the notion that new words encountered in a sentence are attached to the current phrase, if grammatically permissible, forms the basis of which principle?

Which of the following statements describes an assumption of the standard pragmatic model?

What, within the sentence, depended mostly on linguistic information in Coco and Keller's (2015) study?

Inferences that are made to establish coherence between the current part of the text and preceding text are called:

A statement making an assertion or denial that can be true or false is technically referred to as a[n]:

Kintsch (2000) put forward a prediction model of metaphor, suggesting that which of the following components selects features of the predicate that are relevant to the argument, and inhibits irrelevant predicate features?

According to Garrod and Terras (2000), the two stages (in order) involved in establishing coherence between parts of the text are:

If an entire sentence has two or more possible interpretations we say that it is ambiguous at the:

The findings of McKoon and Ratcliff (1992) are more consistent with which account of text processing?

The greatest difference between the minimalist and constructionist positions on text processing concerns:

Which ERP component has been used as a measure of the time to detect a semantic mismatch by researchers such as Hagoort et al. (2004)?

According to Bartlett (1932), the main impact of schematic knowledge occurs at:

According to Keysar (2000), information about common ground is used to correct any misunderstandings resulting from the use of:

Graesser et al. (1997) argued that Kintsch's theory ignored two levels of discourse representation: text genre and which of the following levels?

Häuser et al. (2016) applied rTMS to which network, which they hypothesised provides cognitive control to resolve semantic conflicts?

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters