Question 1

How do medical experts' strategies differ from those of non-experts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Years of experience 
B)  Application of knowledge is different 
C)  Detection and recognition 
D)  Global perception 
E)  Holistic perception 
A)  Years of experience 
B)  Application of knowledge is different 
C)  Detection and recognition 
D)  Global perception 
E)  Holistic perception C

Question 2

Newell and Simon (1972) included the initial stage of the problem, the goal state, all of the possible moves and intermediate states of the problem, in what they deemed the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Complexity algorithm 
B)  Peg-constraints 
C)  Mental model 
D)  Operation span 
E)  Problem space 
A)  Complexity algorithm 
B)  Peg-constraints 
C)  Mental model 
D)  Operation span 
E)  Problem space E

Question 3

Wallas (1926) suggested that a problem can often be solved more easily by simply ignoring it for some time, during what he called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Incubation 
B)  The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 
C)  Unblocking 
D)  Refractory period 
E)  Conscious reinterpretation 
A)  Incubation 
B)  The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 
C)  Unblocking 
D)  Refractory period 
E)  Conscious reinterpretation A

Question 4

Failing to solve problems, because one assumes from past experience that a given object has only a limited number of familiar uses, has been called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Stubborn rationality 
B)  Rigid logic 
C)  Functional fixedness 
D)  Change-proclivity 
E)  Representational change 
A)  Stubborn rationality 
B)  Rigid logic 
C)  Functional fixedness 
D)  Change-proclivity 
E)  Representational change

Question 5

According to Chen (2002), a current problem may be similar to a previous one because causal relations among some of the main components are shared by both problems. This is termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  Superficial similarity 
B)  Deep similarity 
C)  Procedural similarity 
D)  Structural similarity 
E)  Causal similarity 
A)  Superficial similarity 
B)  Deep similarity 
C)  Procedural similarity 
D)  Structural similarity 
E)  Causal similarity

Question 6

Ohlsson's (1992) view that problems can be solved by altering the representation, shares similarities with which Gestalt notion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insight 
B)  Restructuring 
C)  Law of common effects 
D)  Continuity 
E)  Law of Prägnanz 
A)  Insight 
B)  Restructuring 
C)  Law of common effects 
D)  Continuity 
E)  Law of Prägnanz

Question 7

If chess experts use long-term working memory to learn the positions of chess pieces on a board, what do novices rely on?

Accepted Answer

A)  Short-term memory 
B)  Declarative memory 
C)  Working memory 
D)  Epsiodic memory 
E)  Geographical memory 
A)  Short-term memory 
B)  Declarative memory 
C)  Working memory 
D)  Epsiodic memory 
E)  Geographical memory

Question 8

Which computer program, designed to solve numerous well-defined problems, is credited to Newell and Simon (1972)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Space Invaders 
B)  WEAVER++ 
C)  ACT-R 
D)  General Problem Solver 
E)  Problem Space Delimiter 
A)  Space Invaders 
B)  WEAVER++ 
C)  ACT-R 
D)  General Problem Solver 
E)  Problem Space Delimiter

Question 9

Dagher et al. (1999) used various levels of complexity in the Tower of London problem. They found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most associated with which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative feedback 
B)  Reward 
C)  Emotional reasoning 
D)  Plan executive 
E)  Plan generation 
A)  Negative feedback 
B)  Reward 
C)  Emotional reasoning 
D)  Plan executive 
E)  Plan generation

Question 10

According to Newell and Simon (1972), an important heuristic that involves changing the present state within the problem to one closer to the goal is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Means-end analysis 
B)  Shaping 
C)  Automaticity 
D)  Goal reduplication 
E)  Hill climbing 
A)  Means-end analysis 
B)  Shaping 
C)  Automaticity 
D)  Goal reduplication 
E)  Hill climbing

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the three specified major aspects to problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is time limited 
B)  It is purposeful 
C)  It involves controlled processes 
D)  It is not totally reliant on automatic processes 
E)  The person must have the knowledge to produce an immediate solution 
A)  It is time limited 
B)  It is purposeful 
C)  It involves controlled processes 
D)  It is not totally reliant on automatic processes 
E)  The person must have the knowledge to produce an immediate solution

Question 12

When is hill climbing used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Problem solver has no clear understanding 
B)  Problem solver has too much insight 
C)  The problem is in multiple parts 
D)  Problem solver has short-term goals 
E)  Problem solver feels trapped 
A)  Problem solver has no clear understanding 
B)  Problem solver has too much insight 
C)  The problem is in multiple parts 
D)  Problem solver has short-term goals 
E)  Problem solver feels trapped

Question 13

Which of the following is an aspect of deliberate practice?

Accepted Answer

A)  The task is at an appropriate level of difficulty 
B)  The learner is provided with informative feedback 
C)  The learner has sufficient opportunities for repetition 
D)  It is possible for the learner to correct his/her errors 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The task is at an appropriate level of difficulty 
B)  The learner is provided with informative feedback 
C)  The learner has sufficient opportunities for repetition 
D)  It is possible for the learner to correct his/her errors 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

Duncker's (1945) study on human problem solving demonstrated the notion of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant conditioning 
B)  Wanderlust 
C)  "Aha!" experiences 
D)  Mental set 
E)  Eureka moments 
A)  Operant conditioning 
B)  Wanderlust 
C)  "Aha!" experiences 
D)  Mental set 
E)  Eureka moments

Question 15

Problem solving that involves the reuse of previous experiences has been termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  Productive thinking 
B)  Reproductive thinking 
C)  Insight 
D)  Trial-and-error learning 
E)  Deductive reasoning 
A)  Productive thinking 
B)  Reproductive thinking 
C)  Insight 
D)  Trial-and-error learning 
E)  Deductive reasoning

Question 16

System codes are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Systems codes 
B)  Computational methods that produce solutions 
C)  Computational methods that provide strategies for problem solving 
D)  Artifical intelligence 
E)  Heuristics 
A)  Systems codes 
B)  Computational methods that produce solutions 
C)  Computational methods that provide strategies for problem solving 
D)  Artifical intelligence 
E)  Heuristics

Question 17

According to Ohlsson (1992), changing the representation of a problem, so that restrictions on what is regarded as possible are removed, is termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  Elaboration 
B)  Re-encoding 
C)  Impasse-breakage 
D)  Disinhibition 
E)  Constraint relaxation 
A)  Elaboration 
B)  Re-encoding 
C)  Impasse-breakage 
D)  Disinhibition 
E)  Constraint relaxation

Question 18

People perform poorly on the Monty Hall problem. Their poor level of performance is due to ______?

Accepted Answer

A)  Equiprobability bias 
B)  Heavy demands on the central executive system 
C)  The host's actions are random 
D)  It's very hard to understand the problem itself 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Equiprobability bias 
B)  Heavy demands on the central executive system 
C)  The host's actions are random 
D)  It's very hard to understand the problem itself 
E)  All of the above

Question 19

Bowden et al. (2005) presented participants with three cue words (e.g., "fence", "card" and "master"), and participants would have to think of a word (e.g., "post"). A problem such as this is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Surface matching 
B)  Forced choice recognition 
C)  Remote Associates Test 
D)  Deese-Roediger-McDermott 
E)  Lexical decision 
A)  Surface matching 
B)  Forced choice recognition 
C)  Remote Associates Test 
D)  Deese-Roediger-McDermott 
E)  Lexical decision

Question 20

There is overlap between the notion of cognitive miser and Newell and Simons' (1972) focus on problem solvers' use of heuristics. Newell and Simon assumed our limited processing capacity does what to us to use heuristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Limited processing capacity forces us to use heuristics 
B)  Limited processing capacity makes us ignore the use of heuristics 
C)  Limited processing capacity combines new heuristics with old ones 
D)  Limited processing capacity makes us reluctant to use heuristics 
E)  Limited processing capacity makes us replace heuristics 
A)  Limited processing capacity forces us to use heuristics 
B)  Limited processing capacity makes us ignore the use of heuristics 
C)  Limited processing capacity combines new heuristics with old ones 
D)  Limited processing capacity makes us reluctant to use heuristics 
E)  Limited processing capacity makes us replace heuristics

How do medical experts' strategies differ from those of non-experts?

Newell and Simon (1972) included the initial stage of the problem, the goal state, all of the possible moves and intermediate states of the problem, in what they deemed the:

Wallas (1926) suggested that a problem can often be solved more easily by simply ignoring it for some time, during what he called:

Failing to solve problems, because one assumes from past experience that a given object has only a limited number of familiar uses, has been called:

According to Chen (2002), a current problem may be similar to a previous one because causal relations among some of the main components are shared by both problems. This is termed:

Ohlsson's (1992) view that problems can be solved by altering the representation, shares similarities with which Gestalt notion?

If chess experts use long-term working memory to learn the positions of chess pieces on a board, what do novices rely on?

Which computer program, designed to solve numerous well-defined problems, is credited to Newell and Simon (1972)?

Dagher et al. (1999) used various levels of complexity in the Tower of London problem. They found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most associated with which process?

According to Newell and Simon (1972), an important heuristic that involves changing the present state within the problem to one closer to the goal is called:

Which of the following is NOT one of the three specified major aspects to problem solving?

When is hill climbing used?

Which of the following is an aspect of deliberate practice?

Duncker's (1945) study on human problem solving demonstrated the notion of:

Problem solving that involves the reuse of previous experiences has been termed:

System codes are:

According to Ohlsson (1992), changing the representation of a problem, so that restrictions on what is regarded as possible are removed, is termed:

People perform poorly on the Monty Hall problem. Their poor level of performance is due to ______?

Bowden et al. (2005) presented participants with three cue words (e.g., "fence", "card" and "master"), and participants would have to think of a word (e.g., "post"). A problem such as this is referred to as:

There is overlap between the notion of cognitive miser and Newell and Simons' (1972) focus on problem solvers' use of heuristics. Newell and Simon assumed our limited processing capacity does what to us to use heuristics?

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters

Exam 12: Problem Solving and Expertise

How do medical experts' strategies differ from those of non-experts?

Newell and Simon (1972) included the initial stage of the problem, the goal state, all of the possible moves and intermediate states of the problem, in what they deemed the:

Wallas (1926) suggested that a problem can often be solved more easily by simply ignoring it for some time, during what he called:

Failing to solve problems, because one assumes from past experience that a given object has only a limited number of familiar uses, has been called:

According to Chen (2002), a current problem may be similar to a previous one because causal relations among some of the main components are shared by both problems. This is termed:

Ohlsson's (1992) view that problems can be solved by altering the representation, shares similarities with which Gestalt notion?

If chess experts use long-term working memory to learn the positions of chess pieces on a board, what do novices rely on?

Which computer program, designed to solve numerous well-defined problems, is credited to Newell and Simon (1972)?

Dagher et al. (1999) used various levels of complexity in the Tower of London problem. They found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most associated with which process?

According to Newell and Simon (1972), an important heuristic that involves changing the present state within the problem to one closer to the goal is called:

Which of the following is NOT one of the three specified major aspects to problem solving?

When is hill climbing used?

Which of the following is an aspect of deliberate practice?

Duncker's (1945) study on human problem solving demonstrated the notion of:

Problem solving that involves the reuse of previous experiences has been termed:

System codes are:

According to Ohlsson (1992), changing the representation of a problem, so that restrictions on what is regarded as possible are removed, is termed:

People perform poorly on the Monty Hall problem. Their poor level of performance is due to ______?

Bowden et al. (2005) presented participants with three cue words (e.g., "fence", "card" and "master"), and participants would have to think of a word (e.g., "post"). A problem such as this is referred to as:

There is overlap between the notion of cognitive miser and Newell and Simons' (1972) focus on problem solvers' use of heuristics. Newell and Simon assumed our limited processing capacity does what to us to use heuristics?

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters