Question 1

In which type of microscopy do dust particles interfere the MOST?

Accepted Answer

A)  bright-field 
B)  dark-field 
C)  phase-contrast 
D)  interference 
E)  fluorescence 
A)  bright-field 
B)  dark-field 
C)  phase-contrast 
D)  interference 
E)  fluorescence

Question 2

The digitally combined images of cryo-EM can achieve resolution comparable to that of

Accepted Answer

A)  scanning electron microscopy. 
B)  transmission electron microscopy. 
C)  interference microscopy. 
D)  X-ray crystallography. 
E)  dark-field microscopy. 
A)  scanning electron microscopy. 
B)  transmission electron microscopy. 
C)  interference microscopy. 
D)  X-ray crystallography. 
E)  dark-field microscopy.

Question 3

The spots recorded on film during X-ray diffraction analyses are due to

Accepted Answer

A)  artifacts. 
B)  scattering. 
C)  wave interference. 
D)  absorption. 
E)  fluorescence. 
A)  artifacts. 
B)  scattering. 
C)  wave interference. 
D)  absorption. 
E)  fluorescence.

Question 4

Explain why components from thermophilic bacteria take less X-ray damage than other bacteria.

Accepted Answer

There is always unavoidable deterioratio

Question 5

Atomic force microscopy measures ________ between a probe and an object to map the three-dimensional topography of a cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen bonds 
B)  covalent interactions 
C)  van der Waals forces 
D)  pH changes 
E)  magnetic interactions 
A)  hydrogen bonds 
B)  covalent interactions 
C)  van der Waals forces 
D)  pH changes 
E)  magnetic interactions

Question 6

Which of the following techniques are based upon wave interference?

Accepted Answer

A)  X-ray diffraction and phase contrast microscopy 
B)  phase contrast and dark-field microscopy 
C)  bright-field and dark-field microscopy 
D)  X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy 
E)  scanning and transmission electron microscopy 
A)  X-ray diffraction and phase contrast microscopy 
B)  phase contrast and dark-field microscopy 
C)  bright-field and dark-field microscopy 
D)  X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy 
E)  scanning and transmission electron microscopy

Question 7

Describe three conditions that are necessary for electromagnetic radiation to resolve an object.

Accepted Answer

There must be contrast between the objec

Question 8

Increasing the refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens increases

Accepted Answer

A)  refraction. 
B)  reflection. 
C)  magnification. 
D)  resolution. 
E)  wavelength. 
A)  refraction. 
B)  reflection. 
C)  magnification. 
D)  resolution. 
E)  wavelength.

Question 9

Which of these series arranges microbes from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  virus $$\rightarrow$$bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
B)  virus $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
C)  bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus $$\rightarrow$$paramecium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell 
D)  bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus$$\rightarrow$$red blood cell$$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
E)  paramecium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus 
A)  virus $$\rightarrow$$bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
B)  virus $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
C)  bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus $$\rightarrow$$paramecium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell 
D)  bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus$$\rightarrow$$red blood cell$$\rightarrow$$ paramecium 
E)  paramecium $$\rightarrow$$ red blood cell $$\rightarrow$$ bacterium $$\rightarrow$$ virus

Question 10

The figure below shows the Gram-staining process. Describe what is happening at step number 3 relative to bacterial cell walls.

Accepted Answer

Iodine is added and binds to G

Question 11

Which of these numeric aperture and light combinations would give the best resolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 600 nm 
B)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 500 nm 
C)  numeric aperture = 1.0, wavelength = 700 nm 
D)  numeric aperture = 1.0, wavelength = 600 nm 
E)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 400 nm 
A)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 600 nm 
B)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 500 nm 
C)  numeric aperture = 1.0, wavelength = 700 nm 
D)  numeric aperture = 1.0, wavelength = 600 nm 
E)  numeric aperture = 0.8, wavelength = 400 nm

Question 12

The knife used to cut embedded specimens for observation by transmission electron microscopy is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  crystallographer. 
B)  microtome. 
C)  grid. 
D)  polymer. 
E)  scalpel. 
A)  crystallographer. 
B)  microtome. 
C)  grid. 
D)  polymer. 
E)  scalpel.

Question 13

The figure below displays absorption and emission spectra for a fluorophore. Describe the difference between absorption and emission and how this is reflected in the figure.

Accepted Answer

The highest peak at a higher energy leve

Question 14

A useful application of dark-field optics is the study of bacterial

Accepted Answer

A)  motility. 
B)  surfaces. 
C)  interiors. 
D)  shape. 
E)  structure. 
A)  motility. 
B)  surfaces. 
C)  interiors. 
D)  shape. 
E)  structure.

Question 15

A ball-shaped microbe is referred to as a

Accepted Answer

A)  bacillus. 
B)  coccus. 
C)  vibrio. 
D)  strepto. 
E)  spirochete. 
A)  bacillus. 
B)  coccus. 
C)  vibrio. 
D)  strepto. 
E)  spirochete.

Question 16

Which of the following techniques can visualize bacteria without focusing electromagnetic radiation?

Accepted Answer

A)  cryo-electron microscopy 
B)  phase-contrast microscopy 
C)  dark-field microscopy 
D)  atomic force microscopy 
E)  X-ray diffraction 
A)  cryo-electron microscopy 
B)  phase-contrast microscopy 
C)  dark-field microscopy 
D)  atomic force microscopy 
E)  X-ray diffraction

Question 17

Which of these arranges the steps of the Gram stain into the correct order?

Accepted Answer

A)  iodine $$\rightarrow$$crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer$$\rightarrow$$ safranin 
B)  safranin $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ iodine 
C)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ iodine $$\rightarrow$$safranin 
D)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ safranin $$\rightarrow$$ iodine 
E)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ iodine $$\rightarrow$$decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ safranin 
A)  iodine $$\rightarrow$$crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer$$\rightarrow$$ safranin 
B)  safranin $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ iodine 
C)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ iodine $$\rightarrow$$safranin 
D)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ safranin $$\rightarrow$$ iodine 
E)  crystal violet $$\rightarrow$$ iodine $$\rightarrow$$decolorizer $$\rightarrow$$ safranin

Question 18

Staining helps to visualize bacteria by increasing the

Accepted Answer

A)  size of the cells. 
B)  motility of the cells. 
C)  contrast of the image. 
D)  magnification of the image. 
E)  aberration of the image. 
A)  size of the cells. 
B)  motility of the cells. 
C)  contrast of the image. 
D)  magnification of the image. 
E)  aberration of the image.

Question 19

What is the best explanation for a Gram-positive bacterium appearing pink after performing a Gram stain?

Accepted Answer

A)  The crystal violet was left on for too long. 
B)  The iodine was left on for too long. 
C)  The decolorizer was left on for too long. 
D)  The safranin was left on for too long. 
E)  The stain was properly performed. 
A)  The crystal violet was left on for too long. 
B)  The iodine was left on for too long. 
C)  The decolorizer was left on for too long. 
D)  The safranin was left on for too long. 
E)  The stain was properly performed.

Question 20

What happens if the wavelength of radiation is larger than the object being viewed?

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption 
B)  scattering 
C)  no resolution 
D)  refraction 
E)  resolution 
A)  absorption 
B)  scattering 
C)  no resolution 
D)  refraction 
E)  resolution

Exam 2: Observing the Microbial Cell

In which type of microscopy do dust particles interfere the MOST?

The digitally combined images of cryo-EM can achieve resolution comparable to that of

The spots recorded on film during X-ray diffraction analyses are due to

Explain why components from thermophilic bacteria take less X-ray damage than other bacteria.

Atomic force microscopy measures ________ between a probe and an object to map the three-dimensional topography of a cell.

Which of the following techniques are based upon wave interference?

Describe three conditions that are necessary for electromagnetic radiation to resolve an object.

Increasing the refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens increases

Which of these series arranges microbes from smallest to largest?

The figure below shows the Gram-staining process. Describe what is happening at step number 3 relative to bacterial cell walls.

Which of these numeric aperture and light combinations would give the best resolution?

The knife used to cut embedded specimens for observation by transmission electron microscopy is called a

The figure below displays absorption and emission spectra for a fluorophore. Describe the difference between absorption and emission and how this is reflected in the figure.

A useful application of dark-field optics is the study of bacterial

A ball-shaped microbe is referred to as a

Which of the following techniques can visualize bacteria without focusing electromagnetic radiation?

Which of these arranges the steps of the Gram stain into the correct order?

Staining helps to visualize bacteria by increasing the

What is the best explanation for a Gram-positive bacterium appearing pink after performing a Gram stain?

What happens if the wavelength of radiation is larger than the object being viewed?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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