Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Monoclonal antibodies obtained from a hybridoma provide

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

You are about to graduate as a RN. Your final term project is to prepare a presentation on HIV/AIDS. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus—it is an enveloped single-stranded virus that has duplicate copies of a single-stranded RNA genome. All retroviruses encode reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses an RNA genome as a template to make a complementary DNA strand. HIV can infect a variety of human cell types, but the most important are the helper T cells (also called CD4 cells)—the virus infects these cells and causes their death; their numbers slowly decline until the immune system can no longer resist infections or tumor development. You give your presentation to the class and are asked by your professor at the end of the session to answer some questions that your peers have on diagnosing HIV. -You tell the class that ELISAs and Western blots are performed in a clinic or laboratory. However, there are a variety of tests that can be performed at home. With the oral fluid antibody self-test, a person swabs their own mouth and uses a kit to test the sample. The kit looks similar to a pregnancy test. Saliva is collected on a swab which is then inserted into the "tube" containing a test strip on which certain HIV proteins are bound. The saliva moves up the test strip until it reaches two windows on the tube - one is labeled C and the other is labeled T.  When the saliva reacts with the bound virus proteins, a color change is seen. Results are interpreted as follows:  No color in the C window-test is not working. Color in the C window but none in the T window-negative result. Color in the C window and color in the T window-positive result.  Given this information, select the False statement.

Agglutination reactions utilize particles rather than molecules.

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

The Salk vaccine

You are about to graduate as a RN. Your final term project is to prepare a presentation on HIV/AIDS. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus—it is an enveloped single-stranded virus that has duplicate copies of a single-stranded RNA genome. All retroviruses encode reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses an RNA genome as a template to make a complementary DNA strand. HIV can infect a variety of human cell types, but the most important are the helper T cells (also called CD4 cells)—the virus infects these cells and causes their death; their numbers slowly decline until the immune system can no longer resist infections or tumor development. You give your presentation to the class and are asked by your professor at the end of the session to answer some questions that your peers have on diagnosing HIV. -One of your peers asks you to explain the term immunoassay. You tell him that it

Variolation is a procedure once used to protect against

Serological tests are most often conducted in

An immune complex is defined as

The virus originally used for vaccination against smallpox is named

A patient is tested for antibodies to a particular infectious agent and is found to be positive. What would account for the positive result in this person? 

The type of immunity conferred by giving a person a vaccine is

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just a subunit of that agent for a vaccine?

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

DNA vaccines are dangerous due to the possibility of the DNA causing reversion in the inactivated pathogen.

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

The effectiveness of DNA vaccines stems from the effective production of antibodies against the naked DNA molecule.

Many inactivated vaccines contain an adjuvant, a substance that enhances the immune response to antigens. An adjuvant that uses a derivative of lipid A has recently been developed. Would lipid A work well as an adjuvant?

Injection of a single antigen usually results in production of