Question 1

Select the False statement regarding artificially acquired passive immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Immune globulin is used to prevent or treat specific diseases, for example using rabies immune globulin (RIG) to protect against rabies. 
B)  It involves the use of antiserum (a preparation of serum that contains protective antibodies) or antitoxin (antibody preparation that protects against a given toxin). 
C)  Hyperimmune globulin is used to protect unvaccinated people who have been recently exposed to certain diseases, including measles and hepatitis A. 
D)  It occurs naturally in response to infections, and artificially in response to vaccination, when antigens are deliberately introduced into the body. 
E)  These statements are all False. 
A)  Immune globulin is used to prevent or treat specific diseases, for example using rabies immune globulin (RIG) to protect against rabies. 
B)  It involves the use of antiserum (a preparation of serum that contains protective antibodies) or antitoxin (antibody preparation that protects against a given toxin). 
C)  Hyperimmune globulin is used to protect unvaccinated people who have been recently exposed to certain diseases, including measles and hepatitis A. 
D)  It occurs naturally in response to infections, and artificially in response to vaccination, when antigens are deliberately introduced into the body. 
E)  These statements are all False.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT True of naturally acquired immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the gain of adaptive immunity through normal events, such as exposure to an infectious agent. 
B)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
C)  It occurs as a result of breast feeding; the secretory IgA in breast milk protects the digestive tract of the child. 
D)  It occurs during pregnancy when the mother's IgG antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus. 
E)  These all characterize naturally acquired immunity. 
A)  It is the gain of adaptive immunity through normal events, such as exposure to an infectious agent. 
B)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
C)  It occurs as a result of breast feeding; the secretory IgA in breast milk protects the digestive tract of the child. 
D)  It occurs during pregnancy when the mother's IgG antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus. 
E)  These all characterize naturally acquired immunity.

Question 3

The vaccine that is stable to heat, has little unwanted material and causes minimal side effects is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  inactive vaccine. 
B)  peptide vaccine. 
C)  active vaccine. 
D)  toxoid. 
E)  lipid vaccine. 
A)  inactive vaccine. 
B)  peptide vaccine. 
C)  active vaccine. 
D)  toxoid. 
E)  lipid vaccine.

Question 4

The risk of serious illness from measles is 500 times greater than from vaccination against the disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Accepted Answer

A)  direct fluorescent antibody tests AND indirect ELISA. 
B)  indirect ELISA AND Western blot. 
C)  Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E)  indirect ELISA, Western blot, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
A)  direct fluorescent antibody tests AND indirect ELISA. 
B)  indirect ELISA AND Western blot. 
C)  Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E)  indirect ELISA, Western blot, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Question 6

Herd immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C)  only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D)  is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
A)  only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C)  only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D)  is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

Question 7

Alum is an adjuvant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Agglutination tests can be used to detect

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria AND viruses. 
B)  hormones AND drugs. 
C)  fungi, bacteria, AND viruses. 
D)  viruses, bacteria, AND hormones. 
E)  viruses, bacteria, fungi, hormones AND drugs. 
A)  bacteria AND viruses. 
B)  hormones AND drugs. 
C)  fungi, bacteria, AND viruses. 
D)  viruses, bacteria, AND hormones. 
E)  viruses, bacteria, fungi, hormones AND drugs.

Question 9

DNA vaccines work by

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating production of antibodies against DNA. 
B)  stimulating interferon production. 
C)  inactivating the host DNA. 
D)  having the cell use the introduced DNA to make the microbial protein antigen. 
E)  having the cell use the introduced DNA to make inactivating microbial mRNA. 
A)  stimulating production of antibodies against DNA. 
B)  stimulating interferon production. 
C)  inactivating the host DNA. 
D)  having the cell use the introduced DNA to make the microbial protein antigen. 
E)  having the cell use the introduced DNA to make inactivating microbial mRNA.

Question 10

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Accepted Answer

A)  hemagglutination tests. 
B)  immunodiffusion tests. 
C)  complement fixation tests. 
D)  ELISA tests. 
E)  disc diffusion assays. 
A)  hemagglutination tests. 
B)  immunodiffusion tests. 
C)  complement fixation tests. 
D)  ELISA tests. 
E)  disc diffusion assays.

Question 11

The most common adjuvant is

Accepted Answer

A)  ethanol. 
B)  formalin. 
C)  aluminum. 
D)  hydroxide. 
E)  alum. 
A)  ethanol. 
B)  formalin. 
C)  aluminum. 
D)  hydroxide. 
E)  alum.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT True of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
B)  It can be used to prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen. 
C)  It can be used to cure certain diseases. 
D)  It can be used to limit the duration of certain diseases. 
E)  It can be used to block the action of microbial toxins. 
A)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
B)  It can be used to prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen. 
C)  It can be used to cure certain diseases. 
D)  It can be used to limit the duration of certain diseases. 
E)  It can be used to block the action of microbial toxins.

Question 13

Attenuated agents often give rise to a long-lasting immunity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

You are about to graduate as a RN. Your final term project is to prepare a presentation on HIV/AIDS. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus—it is an enveloped single-stranded virus that has duplicate copies of a single-stranded RNA genome. All retroviruses encode reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses an RNA genome as a template to make a complementary DNA strand. HIV can infect a variety of human cell types, but the most important are the helper T cells (also called CD4 cells)—the virus infects these cells and causes their death; their numbers slowly decline until the immune system can no longer resist infections or tumor development. You give your presentation to the class and are asked by your professor at the end of the session to answer some questions that your peers have on diagnosing HIV.
-You explain to the class that ELISA tests may be direct or indirect. Please select the False statement regarding these tests.

Accepted Answer

A)  In direct ELISAs, specific antigens in the sample are "captured" by antibodies that have been attached to the inside surface of the well 
B)  ELISAs have advantages over other common immunoassays in that they are easy to do and often require minimal technical skills. 
C)  ELISA tests are 100% accurate; unlike other immunoassays, ELISAs never yield False positive results, so additional testing is not required. 
D)  ELISA tests are often done in microtiter plates, allowing multiple samples to be tested all at once. 
E)  Indirect ELISAs require a labeled secondary antibody to detect the unlabeled first (primary) antibody. 
A)  In direct ELISAs, specific antigens in the sample are "captured" by antibodies that have been attached to the inside surface of the well 
B)  ELISAs have advantages over other common immunoassays in that they are easy to do and often require minimal technical skills. 
C)  ELISA tests are 100% accurate; unlike other immunoassays, ELISAs never yield False positive results, so additional testing is not required. 
D)  ELISA tests are often done in microtiter plates, allowing multiple samples to be tested all at once. 
E)  Indirect ELISAs require a labeled secondary antibody to detect the unlabeled first (primary) antibody.

Question 15

Precipitation occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody at optimal proportions. 
C)  antibody combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
E)  antigen combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
A)  antigen combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody at optimal proportions. 
C)  antibody combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
E)  antigen combines with complement at optimal proportions.

Question 16

The MMRV vaccine is an attenuated vaccine, which means that the vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  contains empty virus capsids produced by genetically engineered microorganisms such as yeasts. 
B)  contains viruses inactivated with formalin or another chemical that does not significantly change the surface epitopes. 
C)  is composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease. 
D)  contains toxins that are treated to destroy the toxic part of the molecules while retaining the antigenic epitopes. 
E)  is composed only of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments from the pathogen. 
A)  contains empty virus capsids produced by genetically engineered microorganisms such as yeasts. 
B)  contains viruses inactivated with formalin or another chemical that does not significantly change the surface epitopes. 
C)  is composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease. 
D)  contains toxins that are treated to destroy the toxic part of the molecules while retaining the antigenic epitopes. 
E)  is composed only of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments from the pathogen.

Question 17

The Salk polio vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection. 
B)  protects only against gastrointestinal infection. 
C)  is a subunit vaccine. 
D)  protects only against nervous system infection. 
E)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection AND is a subunit vaccine. 
A)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection. 
B)  protects only against gastrointestinal infection. 
C)  is a subunit vaccine. 
D)  protects only against nervous system infection. 
E)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection AND is a subunit vaccine.

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Select the False statement regarding artificially acquired passive immunity.

Which of the following is NOT True of naturally acquired immunity?

The vaccine that is stable to heat, has little unwanted material and causes minimal side effects is called a(n)

The risk of serious illness from measles is 500 times greater than from vaccination against the disease.

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Herd immunity

Alum is an adjuvant.

Agglutination tests can be used to detect

DNA vaccines work by

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

The most common adjuvant is

Which of the following is NOT True of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Attenuated agents often give rise to a long-lasting immunity.

Precipitation occurs when

The MMRV vaccine is an attenuated vaccine, which means that the vaccine

The Salk polio vaccine

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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