Question 1

If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would most likely:

Accepted Answer

A) tell them that how well they behave at the end of the day is really what counts. 
B) ask them to focus on how good it feels to do something nice for a classmate. 
C) talk about how their learning efforts today will pay off in the years to come. 
D) occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger reward by waiting a couple of hours. 
A) tell them that how well they behave at the end of the day is really what counts. 
B) ask them to focus on how good it feels to do something nice for a classmate. 
C) talk about how their learning efforts today will pay off in the years to come. 
D) occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger reward by waiting a couple of hours. D

Question 2

A girl in your classroom rarely interacts with her classmates.She is obviously quite lonely but apparently has no confidence in her ability to make friends.Using an operant conditioning perspective, describe how you might help the girl develop social skills through shaping.In your discussion, be sure to include:
a.the specific behaviour(s) you would shape;
b.a specific reinforcer you might use, and why; and,
c.the sequence of steps you might take as you shape the desired behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Responses to various parts of the question are as follows:a.One or more social behaviours (e.g., carrying on a conversation, smiling at others, initiating interaction with a classmate, etc.) should be shaped.b.Because the girl appears to be lonely, some form of social reinforcer (praise, attention, etc.) may be appropriate.Or perhaps, if the girl really wants to make friends, positive feedback regarding appropriate social behaviour might be sufficient.(One of these or any other well-justified reinforcer is acceptable here.)c.Any series of steps that resemble closer and closer approximations to effective interaction with peers is acceptable here.A complete response should probably have three steps at a minimum.

Question 3

In Mr.Medeiros's classroom, students are given play money each time they turn in an assignment; they receive additional amounts of money if the assignment is turned in on time and if it is done correctly.At the end of each week, students can use their "money" to purchase special privileges (free time, special privileges, etc.).Mr.Medeiros' approach can best be characterized as:

Accepted Answer

A) intermittent reinforcement. 
B) a group contingency. 
C) a token economy. 
D) a contingency contract. 
A) intermittent reinforcement. 
B) a group contingency. 
C) a token economy. 
D) a contingency contract. C

Question 4

Terry and David have both learned that when they whine and complain, their teacher will hurry over to see what is wrong.Terry's teacher gives him attention every time he complains.However, David's teacher gives him attention only on some of the occasions he complains.Both teachers eventually realize that they are reinforcing the boys for inappropriate behaviour, and so they both stop attending to them when they whine and complain.From an operant conditioning perspective, we can predict that:

Accepted Answer

A) both boys will whine and complain even more than before. 
B) both boys will stop their whining and complaining almost immediately. 
C) David's complaining will decrease more rapidly than Terry's. 
D) Terry's complaining will decrease more rapidly than David's. 
A) both boys will whine and complain even more than before. 
B) both boys will stop their whining and complaining almost immediately. 
C) David's complaining will decrease more rapidly than Terry's. 
D) Terry's complaining will decrease more rapidly than David's.

Question 5

Dean is continually fighting with other children.Devise a plan to eliminate the fighting by using a combination of both reinforcement of incompatible behaviour and punishment.In your discussion, be sure to explain:
a.the incompatible behaviour(s) you will reinforce;
b.the reinforcer you will use, and why; and,
c.the punishment you will use, and why.

Accepted Answer

Responses to various parts of the questi

Question 6

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behaviour helps reduce inappropriate behaviour in the classroom?

Accepted Answer

A) When we reinforce different students for different behaviours, they begin to discover which behaviours are appropriate and which are not. 
B) Negative reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour can ultimately reduce the frequency of that behaviour. 
C) An undesirable behaviour will decrease when the student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. 
D) We can reduce serious behaviour problems by allowing students to engage in less serious misbehaviours. 
A) When we reinforce different students for different behaviours, they begin to discover which behaviours are appropriate and which are not. 
B) Negative reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour can ultimately reduce the frequency of that behaviour. 
C) An undesirable behaviour will decrease when the student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. 
D) We can reduce serious behaviour problems by allowing students to engage in less serious misbehaviours.

Question 7

Traditional Applied Behaviour Analysis focuses on:

Accepted Answer

A) examining the functions of behaviour. 
B) providing functionally equivalent behaviour. 
C) examining antecedents of behaviour. 
D) changing response-reinforcement contingencies. 
A) examining the functions of behaviour. 
B) providing functionally equivalent behaviour. 
C) examining antecedents of behaviour. 
D) changing response-reinforcement contingencies.

Question 8

Research studies indicate that applied behaviour analysis techniques:

Accepted Answer

A) lead to significant improvements in both academic achievement and social skills. 
B) promote improvement in academic achievement but not in social skills. 
C) promote improvement in social skills but not in academic achievement. 
D) have little long-term effect on students' classroom performance. 
A) lead to significant improvements in both academic achievement and social skills. 
B) promote improvement in academic achievement but not in social skills. 
C) promote improvement in social skills but not in academic achievement. 
D) have little long-term effect on students' classroom performance.

Question 9

Which of the following is the frequency of a response prior to operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) baseline. 
B) contingency. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response. 
A) baseline. 
B) contingency. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 10

Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to reduce an inappropriate behaviour.Which one is not recommended?

Accepted Answer

A) Punish the behaviour each time it occurs. 
B) Tell students ahead of time what behaviours are unacceptable and will result in punishment. 
C) Explain why a punished behaviour is unacceptable. 
D) Administer a student's punishment in front of classmates so they learn by example. 
A) Punish the behaviour each time it occurs. 
B) Tell students ahead of time what behaviours are unacceptable and will result in punishment. 
C) Explain why a punished behaviour is unacceptable. 
D) Administer a student's punishment in front of classmates so they learn by example.

Question 11

Three of the following statements are considerations in using extinction.Which one is not?

Accepted Answer

A) behaviour doesn't always decrease immediately once reinforcement is removed. 
B) positive behaviours are extinguishable. 
C) positive behaviours are easier to extinguish than negative ones. 
D) Some behaviours may not decrease after reinforcers are removed. 
A) behaviour doesn't always decrease immediately once reinforcement is removed. 
B) positive behaviours are extinguishable. 
C) positive behaviours are easier to extinguish than negative ones. 
D) Some behaviours may not decrease after reinforcers are removed.

Question 12

Ms.Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting.If she tells them, "You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) an activity reinforcer. 
C) an intrinsic reinforcer. 
D) intermittent reinforcement. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) an activity reinforcer. 
C) an intrinsic reinforcer. 
D) intermittent reinforcement.

Question 13

What is the main difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) adding vs.subtracting an aversive. 
B) increase vs.decrease in frequency of response. 
C) more vs.less reinforcement. 
D) shaping vs.cueing a response. 
A) adding vs.subtracting an aversive. 
B) increase vs.decrease in frequency of response. 
C) more vs.less reinforcement. 
D) shaping vs.cueing a response.

Question 14

Imagine that you are a first-year teacher of the third grade.Describe four ways that you would use operant conditioning to promote positive classroom behaviours.Provide examples.

Accepted Answer

Four out of the following (with concrete

Question 15

A phenomenon in operant conditioning whereby an individual learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another similar stimulus is called:

Accepted Answer

A) cueing. 
B) discrimination. 
C) generalization. 
D) extinction. 
A) cueing. 
B) discrimination. 
C) generalization. 
D) extinction.

Question 16

George enjoys being on the debating team, but he is taken off the team when he inadvertently utters an obscene word during a debate.George's removal from the team is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) presentation punishment. 
D) removal punishment. 
A) reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) presentation punishment. 
D) removal punishment.

Question 17

The fire alarm sounded during music class and Jean, a fifth grader who has autism and is sensitive to loud noises (they cause him pain), is now refusing to go to music even though it is generally his favourite subject.Explain this situation in terms of classical conditioning, identifying the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.How might Jean's teacher begin to remedy this situation so that Jean can enjoy his favourite subject again?

Accepted Answer

Jean associated music class with a loud

Question 18

According to behavioural techniques, what is the purpose of teaching skills in real-world contexts and in using role play?

Accepted Answer

A) scaffolding 
B) shaping 
C) generalization 
D) positive behavioural support 
A) scaffolding 
B) shaping 
C) generalization 
D) positive behavioural support

Question 19

Behaviourist theories share a number of common underlying assumptions.Describe three assumptions that behaviourists make and the implication of each one for classroom practice.

Accepted Answer

Assumptions underlying behavio

Question 20

Mr.Hall tells his students that they can do whatever they want for the first ten minutes of class, but then must turn their attention to the day's assignment.The students are delighted with their ten minutes of "free time" but then do not attend to the assignment when it is time for them to do so.From an operant conditioning perspective, what mistake has Mr.Hall made?

Accepted Answer

A) The reinforcement was not immediate. 
B) He has used negative reinforcement instead of positive reinforcement. 
C) Free time is not an effective reinforcer for most students. 
D) The "reinforcer" is not contingent on the response. 
A) The reinforcement was not immediate. 
B) He has used negative reinforcement instead of positive reinforcement. 
C) Free time is not an effective reinforcer for most students. 
D) The "reinforcer" is not contingent on the response.

If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would most likely:

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behaviour helps reduce inappropriate behaviour in the classroom?

Traditional Applied Behaviour Analysis focuses on:

Research studies indicate that applied behaviour analysis techniques:

Which of the following is the frequency of a response prior to operant conditioning?

Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to reduce an inappropriate behaviour.Which one is not recommended?

Three of the following statements are considerations in using extinction.Which one is not?

Ms.Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting.If she tells them, "You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing:

What is the main difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Imagine that you are a first-year teacher of the third grade.Describe four ways that you would use operant conditioning to promote positive classroom behaviours.Provide examples.

A phenomenon in operant conditioning whereby an individual learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another similar stimulus is called:

George enjoys being on the debating team, but he is taken off the team when he inadvertently utters an obscene word during a debate.George's removal from the team is an example of:

According to behavioural techniques, what is the purpose of teaching skills in real-world contexts and in using role play?

Behaviourist theories share a number of common underlying assumptions.Describe three assumptions that behaviourists make and the implication of each one for classroom practice.

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

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Exam 5: Learning and Behaviour Processes

If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would most likely:

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behaviour helps reduce inappropriate behaviour in the classroom?

Traditional Applied Behaviour Analysis focuses on:

Research studies indicate that applied behaviour analysis techniques:

Which of the following is the frequency of a response prior to operant conditioning?

Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to reduce an inappropriate behaviour.Which one is not recommended?

Three of the following statements are considerations in using extinction.Which one is not?

Ms.Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting.If she tells them, "You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing:

What is the main difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Imagine that you are a first-year teacher of the third grade.Describe four ways that you would use operant conditioning to promote positive classroom behaviours.Provide examples.

A phenomenon in operant conditioning whereby an individual learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another similar stimulus is called:

George enjoys being on the debating team, but he is taken off the team when he inadvertently utters an obscene word during a debate.George's removal from the team is an example of:

According to behavioural techniques, what is the purpose of teaching skills in real-world contexts and in using role play?

Behaviourist theories share a number of common underlying assumptions.Describe three assumptions that behaviourists make and the implication of each one for classroom practice.

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

Filters