Question 1

Punishment of a misbehaviour is justified:

Accepted Answer

A) any time a behaviour interferes with other students' learning. 
B) when other disciplinary strategies have failed. 
C) when a student has exhibited the behaviour at least three times. 
D) when the behaviour hurts another student's feelings. 
A) any time a behaviour interferes with other students' learning. 
B) when other disciplinary strategies have failed. 
C) when a student has exhibited the behaviour at least three times. 
D) when the behaviour hurts another student's feelings.

Question 2

Each time Annette reads aloud in class, she is mocked because of her accent.According to behaviourists, Annette has likely learned to dread reading because:

Accepted Answer

A) she cannot read as well as others. 
B) her accent and classmates' response occurred together. 
C) she has not yet reached concrete operations. 
D) she has a low self-esteem. 
A) she cannot read as well as others. 
B) her accent and classmates' response occurred together. 
C) she has not yet reached concrete operations. 
D) she has a low self-esteem.

Question 3

Which one of the following illustrates all the necessary elements of a contingency contract?

Accepted Answer

A) Mr.Osaka wants to reduce Penny's aggressive behaviours toward her classmates.He and Penny meet and discuss the problem, agreeing on the specific behaviours she should demonstrate and the reinforcers she will receive when she does so.They both sign a contract that describes the desired behaviours and the reinforcement. 
B) Ms.Quinn wants Ramon to learn to stay in his seat and complete his assignments during independent seatwork time.She makes up a contract for Ramon that describes the consequence he can expect if he does not behave appropriately.They both sign it, and she follows through with the consequence when he misbehaves. 
C) Mr.LeBlanc wants to help Trina learn to complete her homework in a more timely fashion.He has Trina write up a contract stating that she will complete her homework on time.She specifies the reinforcer she would like to receive each time she does so.Both teacher and student sign the contract, and Mr.LeBlanc reinforces Trina as she has requested. 
D) Ms.Enright develops a contract for her fifth graders that lists several classroom rules the students must agree to abide by.Each student signs the contract, thereby agreeing to the rules and acknowledging that there will be consequences when they disobey those rules. 
A) Mr.Osaka wants to reduce Penny's aggressive behaviours toward her classmates.He and Penny meet and discuss the problem, agreeing on the specific behaviours she should demonstrate and the reinforcers she will receive when she does so.They both sign a contract that describes the desired behaviours and the reinforcement. 
B) Ms.Quinn wants Ramon to learn to stay in his seat and complete his assignments during independent seatwork time.She makes up a contract for Ramon that describes the consequence he can expect if he does not behave appropriately.They both sign it, and she follows through with the consequence when he misbehaves. 
C) Mr.LeBlanc wants to help Trina learn to complete her homework in a more timely fashion.He has Trina write up a contract stating that she will complete her homework on time.She specifies the reinforcer she would like to receive each time she does so.Both teacher and student sign the contract, and Mr.LeBlanc reinforces Trina as she has requested. 
D) Ms.Enright develops a contract for her fifth graders that lists several classroom rules the students must agree to abide by.Each student signs the contract, thereby agreeing to the rules and acknowledging that there will be consequences when they disobey those rules.

Question 4

Jane learned the sign for "more" in the context of food.When she uses the sign "more" in the context of play, Jane is displaying:

Accepted Answer

A) over-generalization. 
B) replication. 
C) generalization. 
D) extinction. 
A) over-generalization. 
B) replication. 
C) generalization. 
D) extinction.

Question 5

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A) a response is followed by two stimuli. 
B) a response is followed by an unpleasant stimulus. 
C) two stimuli are presented at about the same time. 
D) a response is followed by a single reinforcing stimulus. 
A) a response is followed by two stimuli. 
B) a response is followed by an unpleasant stimulus. 
C) two stimuli are presented at about the same time. 
D) a response is followed by a single reinforcing stimulus.

Question 6

Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test.Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is "too scared" to do so.He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment.Here, the painful punishment is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response. 
A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 7

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Accepted Answer

A) responses are learned primarily through repetition. 
B) responses are affected by the consequences that follow them. 
C) learners are more motivated to acquire some behaviours than others. 
D) stimulus-response associations, once learned, are permanent. 
A) responses are learned primarily through repetition. 
B) responses are affected by the consequences that follow them. 
C) learners are more motivated to acquire some behaviours than others. 
D) stimulus-response associations, once learned, are permanent.

Question 8

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of baseline as behaviourists use the term?

Accepted Answer

A) Dimitri is afraid of the school swimming pool after he almost drowned in it one day. 
B) Louisa likes the attention she gets from boys when she wears tight sweaters. 
C) Marsha starts copying her best friend's homework assignments regularly after she finds out that she gets better grades if she does so. 
D) Justin talks in class all the time, even though his teacher and classmates do nothing to encourage him. 
A) Dimitri is afraid of the school swimming pool after he almost drowned in it one day. 
B) Louisa likes the attention she gets from boys when she wears tight sweaters. 
C) Marsha starts copying her best friend's homework assignments regularly after she finds out that she gets better grades if she does so. 
D) Justin talks in class all the time, even though his teacher and classmates do nothing to encourage him.

Question 9

Which one of the following is the major reason why assigning extra schoolwork is not an appropriate punishment for classroom misbehaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) It gives students the message that class work is an unpleasant task. 
B) It decreases the likelihood that students will do their assignments appropriately. 
C) It asks students to perform tasks without the scaffolding they need for completing those tasks successfully. 
D) It is negative reinforcement rather than punishment. 
A) It gives students the message that class work is an unpleasant task. 
B) It decreases the likelihood that students will do their assignments appropriately. 
C) It asks students to perform tasks without the scaffolding they need for completing those tasks successfully. 
D) It is negative reinforcement rather than punishment.

Question 10

Three of the following teacher behaviours illustrate cueing as a way of dealing with inappropriate behaviour.Which one does not illustrate cueing?

Accepted Answer

A) A teacher moves closer to a student who may be cheating on an exam. 
B) A teacher puts her finger on her lips when the class gets too noisy. 
C) A teacher glares at a student who is reading a comic book instead of getting to work on an assignment. 
D) A teacher puts a student in time-out after the student insults a classmate. 
A) A teacher moves closer to a student who may be cheating on an exam. 
B) A teacher puts her finger on her lips when the class gets too noisy. 
C) A teacher glares at a student who is reading a comic book instead of getting to work on an assignment. 
D) A teacher puts a student in time-out after the student insults a classmate.

Question 11

Which one of the following best describes shaping?

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforcement becomes increasingly stronger over time. 
B) Reinforcement is weaned away over time, until a student is doing something without being reinforced. 
C) The behaviour being reinforced changes over time so that it increasingly resembles the desired terminal behaviour. 
D) Praise is the only reinforcer used, and the specific things that are said to a student change as the student improves. 
A) Reinforcement becomes increasingly stronger over time. 
B) Reinforcement is weaned away over time, until a student is doing something without being reinforced. 
C) The behaviour being reinforced changes over time so that it increasingly resembles the desired terminal behaviour. 
D) Praise is the only reinforcer used, and the specific things that are said to a student change as the student improves.

Question 12

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) a penny 
B) a hundred dollars 
C) a glass of water 
D) praise 
A) a penny 
B) a hundred dollars 
C) a glass of water 
D) praise

Question 13

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning described by behaviourists.A major difference between them is that:

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses. 
B) classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli. 
C) classically conditioned responses are voluntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are involuntary. 
D) classically conditioned responses are involuntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are voluntary. 
A) classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses. 
B) classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli. 
C) classically conditioned responses are voluntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are involuntary. 
D) classically conditioned responses are involuntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are voluntary.

Question 14

Which one of the following is not a classroom example of behaviourist assumptions?

Accepted Answer

A) Mr.Smith asks for proofs with math problems 
B) Ms.Lajoie gives immediate positive feedback when she notices good behaviour 
C) Mr.Chang writes observable learning objectives 
D) Ms.Simard provides challenging tasks 
A) Mr.Smith asks for proofs with math problems 
B) Ms.Lajoie gives immediate positive feedback when she notices good behaviour 
C) Mr.Chang writes observable learning objectives 
D) Ms.Simard provides challenging tasks

Question 15

Ursula is always getting out of her seat at inappropriate times.You scold her every time she does this, but her behaviour seems to be getting worse.
a.From an operant conditioning perspective, why is Ursula's getting-out-of-seat behaviour increasing rather than decreasing?
b.How might you decrease her behaviour by reinforcing an incompatible behaviour? Describe your procedure in detail, specifying the reinforcer and the behaviour you will reinforce.

Accepted Answer

Responses to the two parts of the questi

Question 16

Oliver tells a tasteless joke at a party and gets a big laugh.The next day, he tells the same joke in class, thinking people will laugh.Instead, his teacher takes him aside after class and gives him a stern lecture about why he should not say such things about a particular ethnic group.In operant conditioning terminology, we could say that Oliver:

Accepted Answer

A) has generalized from one situation to another inappropriately. 
B) is being shaped to tell tasteless jokes. 
C) is receiving negative reinforcement for his joke-telling behaviour. 
D) experiences a group contingency at the party, but not in class. 
A) has generalized from one situation to another inappropriately. 
B) is being shaped to tell tasteless jokes. 
C) is receiving negative reinforcement for his joke-telling behaviour. 
D) experiences a group contingency at the party, but not in class.

Question 17

Which one of the following is described as a "group of procedures that systematically apply behaviourist principles"?

Accepted Answer

A) Positive behaviour support. 
B) Applied behaviour analysis. 
C) Skinnerian psychology. 
D) Contingency training. 
A) Positive behaviour support. 
B) Applied behaviour analysis. 
C) Skinnerian psychology. 
D) Contingency training.

Question 18

Greg has terrible study habits: whenever he is given an assignment to be done either in class or at home, he does not begin the assignment until he has been repeatedly nagged by either you (his teacher) or by his parents.Furthermore, Greg seems unable to complete assignments without constant prodding to stay on task.Explain how you might use operant conditioning to help Greg develop better study habits.Be concrete and specific in your explanation of what you would do, and be sure to include:
a.the baseline;
b.the terminal behaviour;
c.a secondary reinforcer you might use;
d.shaping; and,
e.some means of preventing extinction.

Accepted Answer

Responses to various parts of the questi

Question 19

According to your textbook, Positive Behaviour Support is:

Accepted Answer

A) a humane approach to punishment 
B) a method to identify the purpose of and alternatives to undesirable behaviour 
C) a method to modify antecedents 
D) too complex to employ in a regular classroom 
A) a humane approach to punishment 
B) a method to identify the purpose of and alternatives to undesirable behaviour 
C) a method to modify antecedents 
D) too complex to employ in a regular classroom

Question 20

Mr.Joe wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time.To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, and then for four minutes, and so on.Mr.Joe's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) generalization 
C) intermittent reinforcement 
D) discrimination learning 
A) shaping 
B) generalization 
C) intermittent reinforcement 
D) discrimination learning

Punishment of a misbehaviour is justified:

Each time Annette reads aloud in class, she is mocked because of her accent.According to behaviourists, Annette has likely learned to dread reading because:

Which one of the following illustrates all the necessary elements of a contingency contract?

Jane learned the sign for "more" in the context of food.When she uses the sign "more" in the context of play, Jane is displaying:

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test.Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is "too scared" to do so.He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment.Here, the painful punishment is a(n):

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of baseline as behaviourists use the term?

Which one of the following is the major reason why assigning extra schoolwork is not an appropriate punishment for classroom misbehaviour?

Three of the following teacher behaviours illustrate cueing as a way of dealing with inappropriate behaviour.Which one does not illustrate cueing?

Which one of the following best describes shaping?

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning described by behaviourists.A major difference between them is that:

Which one of the following is not a classroom example of behaviourist assumptions?

Which one of the following is described as a "group of procedures that systematically apply behaviourist principles"?

According to your textbook, Positive Behaviour Support is:

Mr.Joe wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time.To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, and then for four minutes, and so on.Mr.Joe's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts?

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

Filters

Exam 5: Learning and Behaviour Processes

Punishment of a misbehaviour is justified:

Each time Annette reads aloud in class, she is mocked because of her accent.According to behaviourists, Annette has likely learned to dread reading because:

Which one of the following illustrates all the necessary elements of a contingency contract?

Jane learned the sign for "more" in the context of food.When she uses the sign "more" in the context of play, Jane is displaying:

Classical conditioning typically occurs when:

Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test.Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is "too scared" to do so.He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment.Here, the painful punishment is a(n):

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of baseline as behaviourists use the term?

Which one of the following is the major reason why assigning extra schoolwork is not an appropriate punishment for classroom misbehaviour?

Three of the following teacher behaviours illustrate cueing as a way of dealing with inappropriate behaviour.Which one does not illustrate cueing?

Which one of the following best describes shaping?

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning described by behaviourists.A major difference between them is that:

Which one of the following is not a classroom example of behaviourist assumptions?

Which one of the following is described as a "group of procedures that systematically apply behaviourist principles"?

According to your textbook, Positive Behaviour Support is:

Mr.Joe wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time.To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, and then for four minutes, and so on.Mr.Joe's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts?

Educational Psychology and Teacher Decision Making

Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Personal, Social, and Moral Development

Individual and Group Differences

Learning and Cognitive Processes

Knowledge Construction

Social Cognitive Views of Learning

Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Instructional Strategies

Creating and Maintaining a Productive Classroom Environment

Instructional Assessment

Describing Relationships with Correlation Coefficients

Filters