Exam 3: The Search for Causes

Postmodern criminology is the newest perspective in criminology and was developed in the 21st century.

According to Merton,innovators are most likely to be criminals.

Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen most likely fall into?

Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.

Postmodern criminology is ________ because it challenges and debunks existing perspectives.

Inner ________ such as a positive self-image and a tolerance for frustration help prevent individuals from committing crimes and engaging in deviant behavior.

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society -Social ecology theory

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Neutralization

Which approach to explaining crime addresses the gender ratio problem?

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Retreatist

Shaw and McKay's concentric zone research found that crime was highest in Zone 2,which they termed the zone of ________.

Match the theory with its approach. A)Biosocial B)Sociological C)Social Process D)Emergent E)Conflict F)Biological G)Psychological H)Classical/Neoclassical -Focal concerns

Explain the four key elements of the conflict perspective.Describe how radical criminology differs from more conservative conflict theories.Discuss the policy directions that modern radical criminologists envision and explain how they differ from the policies earlier radical criminologists advocated.

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A)Political crime B)Drug use and vagrancy C)Law-abiding behavior D)Property and white-collar crime E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle -Ritualist

________ is the process in which a person openly rejects something he or she wants but cannot obtain or achieve.

List and explain the key principles of classical criminology.Explain the neoclassical perspective and how it differs from classical criminology.

Feminist criminology is considered to be a deconstructionist theory.

Consider the city in which your university is located.Which areas in the city tend to have higher levels of crime and which have lower levels? How might these variations be explained by the sociological theories discussed in this chapter?

The attempt to categorize,understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide is known as ________.

According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency,bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the ________ pathway.