Exam 9: Social Reaction and Critical Models of Crime

Critics of labeling theory claim that it promotes lenient and ineffective sentencing.

How does the label "delinquent" influence future criminal behavior.

Some critics of Vold's research claimed that he put too little emphasis on the ______ and too much on the ______.

______ proposed that even the crimes committed by the upper-class are caused by capitalism.

Ted Kaczynski was known as the ______.

Labeling theory was based on seminal work by Cooley and Marx.

If a label or stigma is not placed on a young or first-time offender, then the more serious and frequent offending of secondary deviance will not take place.

Self-fulfilling prophecy results for individuals confirming their status as criminals or delinquents by increasing the frequency or seriousness of their illegal activity.

Vold claimed that people are naturally social and form groups out of shared needs, values and interests.

Willem Bonger thought crime resulted because capitalism caused a difference in the way individuals felt about society and their place in it.

______ theories of crime assume that all societies are in a process of constant change and that this dynamic process creates conflicts among various societal groups.

Labeling theory is also referred to as ______.

During the 1950s, society was looking for theories that placed the blame of criminal offending on government authorities, either the police or societal institutions like the economic structure or class structure.

Describe the influence that Marx had on conflict theories of crime.

Selling stated that ______ is the result of laws being enacted that represent the interests of only the dominant group.

More modern frameworks (concerning Marxist theories) place more emphasis on factors that stem from ______.

______ theory is primarily concerned with how an individual's personal identity is highly influenced by the way society or authority tends to categorize them as offenders.

Which of the following does NOT describe primary deviance?

______ believed that law is used as a mechanism by which the middle- or upper-class maintains their dominance over the lower-class.

What is the difference between decriminalization and diversion?