Question 1

Explain the differences between interference theory and decay theory. What has research shown about which one is the main cause of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Interference theory and decay theory are

Question 2

Peterson and Peterson estimated that the duration of short-term memory (STM) was approximately

Accepted Answer

A) 3 seconds. 
B) 18 seconds. 
C) 60 seconds. 
D) 90 seconds. 
A) 3 seconds. 
B) 18 seconds. 
C) 60 seconds. 
D) 90 seconds.

Question 3

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference by introducing a new category of words suggests that STM can be influenced by

Accepted Answer

A) sensory codes. 
B) semantic codes. 
C) visual codes. 
D) phonemic codes. 
A) sensory codes. 
B) semantic codes. 
C) visual codes. 
D) phonemic codes.

Question 4

Application of Baddeley's working memory model to logical reasoning tasks indicate that these tasks require use of

Accepted Answer

A) the articulatory loop. 
B) the visual-spatial sketchpad. 
C) the central executive. 
D) All of these 
A) the articulatory loop. 
B) the visual-spatial sketchpad. 
C) the central executive. 
D) All of these

Question 5

Define retroactive and proactive interference effects. Now think about your own study strategies. Would you say that you are more prone to retroactive or proactive interference effects? How could you improve your study habits to accommodate interference effects?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new

Question 6

Which concept did not result from the application of cognitive load theory to instruction?

Accepted Answer

A) split attention effect. 
B) expertise reversal effect. 
C) rehearsal effect. 
D) redundancy effect. 
A) split attention effect. 
B) expertise reversal effect. 
C) rehearsal effect. 
D) redundancy effect.

Question 7

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference showed that recall could be improved by

Accepted Answer

A) giving more practice trials. 
B) presenting items at a slower rate. 
C) shifting to a new class of words. 
D) encouraging more rehearsal. 
A) giving more practice trials. 
B) presenting items at a slower rate. 
C) shifting to a new class of words. 
D) encouraging more rehearsal.

Question 8

De Groot argued that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because

Accepted Answer

A) they have superior memories. 
B) they are better at guessing where the pieces belong. 
C) they can code the pieces better into familiar groups. 
D) they rely more on verbal rehearsal than average players. 
A) they have superior memories. 
B) they are better at guessing where the pieces belong. 
C) they can code the pieces better into familiar groups. 
D) they rely more on verbal rehearsal than average players.

Question 9

Which of the following is used as a temporary working memory?

Accepted Answer

A) the visual sensory store 
B) the auditory sensory store 
C) short-term memory 
D) long-term memory 
A) the visual sensory store 
B) the auditory sensory store 
C) short-term memory 
D) long-term memory

Question 10

Baddeley revised his working memory model by adding an Episodic Buffer to account for

Accepted Answer

A) the integration of visual and verbal codes. 
B) decisions that manage the use of working memory. 
C) the control of attention. 
D) the rapid rate of forgetting. 
A) the integration of visual and verbal codes. 
B) decisions that manage the use of working memory. 
C) the control of attention. 
D) the rapid rate of forgetting.

Question 11

What are the distinctions between the three models of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley)?

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memor

Question 12

The split-attention effect is one example of cognitive load theory to instruction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Define subvocalizing. Do you find that it helps you remember what you read? Do you think that you remember what you read as well when you try to suppress subvocalization?

Accepted Answer

Subvocalizing is the act of silently pro

Question 14

Which of the following is not true of Laughery's model of STM?

Accepted Answer

A) Items are represented in terms of their phonemes. 
B) The phonemes can decay at different rates. 
C) The model can account for acoustic confusions. 
D) The model can account for visual confusions. 
A) Items are represented in terms of their phonemes. 
B) The phonemes can decay at different rates. 
C) The model can account for acoustic confusions. 
D) The model can account for visual confusions.

Question 15

Explain Baddeley's working memory model. What is the key difference between Baddeley's model compared with other memory models?

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's working memory model is a the

Question 16

How is short-term memory searched? What evidence is there for this?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory, also known as working

Question 17

The major difference between the original idea of Short-Term Memory and the newer concept of 'working memory' is

Accepted Answer

A) the original idea of STM was primarily template-based image processing. 
B) the newer idea of working memory includes a visual-spatial sketchpad, and a central executive in addition to the phonological rehearsal loop. 
C) the newer idea of working memory states that ideas that do not work very well are unlikely to be remembered. 
D) working memory denies the distinction between Short-Term Memory and Long-term Memory. 
A) the original idea of STM was primarily template-based image processing. 
B) the newer idea of working memory includes a visual-spatial sketchpad, and a central executive in addition to the phonological rehearsal loop. 
C) the newer idea of working memory states that ideas that do not work very well are unlikely to be remembered. 
D) working memory denies the distinction between Short-Term Memory and Long-term Memory.

Question 18

The number of items a person can keep active in Short-Term Memory is determined by

Accepted Answer

A) the rate at which the person can pronounce the items in STM. 
B) the speed with which the person can retrieve the items in STM. 
C) Both a and b 
D) None of these 
A) the rate at which the person can pronounce the items in STM. 
B) the speed with which the person can retrieve the items in STM. 
C) Both a and b 
D) None of these

Question 19

Conrad's (1964) study demonstrated that visually presented letters are stored as

Accepted Answer

A) visual codes. 
B) kinesthetic codes. 
C) semantic codes. 
D) acoustic codes. 
A) visual codes. 
B) kinesthetic codes. 
C) semantic codes. 
D) acoustic codes.

Question 20

If you are affected by retroactive interference, you should study in the evening in order to minimize its impact.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Explain the differences between interference theory and decay theory. What has research shown about which one is the main cause of forgetting?

Peterson and Peterson estimated that the duration of short-term memory (STM) was approximately

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference by introducing a new category of words suggests that STM can be influenced by

Application of Baddeley's working memory model to logical reasoning tasks indicate that these tasks require use of

Define retroactive and proactive interference effects. Now think about your own study strategies. Would you say that you are more prone to retroactive or proactive interference effects? How could you improve your study habits to accommodate interference effects?

Which concept did not result from the application of cognitive load theory to instruction?

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference showed that recall could be improved by

De Groot argued that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because

Which of the following is used as a temporary working memory?

Baddeley revised his working memory model by adding an Episodic Buffer to account for

What are the distinctions between the three models of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley)?

The split-attention effect is one example of cognitive load theory to instruction.

Define subvocalizing. Do you find that it helps you remember what you read? Do you think that you remember what you read as well when you try to suppress subvocalization?

Which of the following is not true of Laughery's model of STM?

Explain Baddeley's working memory model. What is the key difference between Baddeley's model compared with other memory models?

How is short-term memory searched? What evidence is there for this?

The major difference between the original idea of Short-Term Memory and the newer concept of 'working memory' is

The number of items a person can keep active in Short-Term Memory is determined by

Conrad's (1964) study demonstrated that visually presented letters are stored as

If you are affected by retroactive interference, you should study in the evening in order to minimize its impact.

Introduction

Pattern Recognition

Attention

Long-Term Memory

Memory Codes

Visual Images

Categorization

Semantic Organization

Language

Comprehension and Memory for Text

Problem Solving

Expertise and Creativity

Decision Making

Filters

Exam 4: Short-Term Working Memory

Explain the differences between interference theory and decay theory. What has research shown about which one is the main cause of forgetting?

Peterson and Peterson estimated that the duration of short-term memory (STM) was approximately

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference by introducing a new category of words suggests that STM can be influenced by

Application of Baddeley's working memory model to logical reasoning tasks indicate that these tasks require use of

Define retroactive and proactive interference effects. Now think about your own study strategies. Would you say that you are more prone to retroactive or proactive interference effects? How could you improve your study habits to accommodate interference effects?

Which concept did not result from the application of cognitive load theory to instruction?

Wickens' study on release from proactive interference showed that recall could be improved by

De Groot argued that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because

Which of the following is used as a temporary working memory?

Baddeley revised his working memory model by adding an Episodic Buffer to account for

What are the distinctions between the three models of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley)?

The split-attention effect is one example of cognitive load theory to instruction.

Define subvocalizing. Do you find that it helps you remember what you read? Do you think that you remember what you read as well when you try to suppress subvocalization?

Which of the following is not true of Laughery's model of STM?

Explain Baddeley's working memory model. What is the key difference between Baddeley's model compared with other memory models?

How is short-term memory searched? What evidence is there for this?

The major difference between the original idea of Short-Term Memory and the newer concept of 'working memory' is

The number of items a person can keep active in Short-Term Memory is determined by

Conrad's (1964) study demonstrated that visually presented letters are stored as

If you are affected by retroactive interference, you should study in the evening in order to minimize its impact.

Introduction

Pattern Recognition

Attention

Long-Term Memory

Memory Codes

Visual Images

Categorization

Semantic Organization

Language

Comprehension and Memory for Text

Problem Solving

Expertise and Creativity

Decision Making

Filters