Chat with AIExam 5: Disorders of Early Development
During the Christmas festivities, baby Ellen becomes fussy around her parents and cries loudly when passed to unfamiliar family members. This is an example of Ellen's:
(29) 
VerifiedC
Discuss the ways that the temperament dimensions of surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control may contribute to an increased risk of psychopathology.
(43) Verified-Surgency - extraversion
-Negative affectivity - tendency to experience fear and frustration/anger
-Effortful control - ways in which an infant attempts to regulate stimulation and response
-Each of these factors put a child at risk (or buffers) the development of psychopathology. A child's sensitivity to their environment may elicit negative reactions from caregivers or others in a child's environment. A child's ability to self-regulate or control their own reactions could lessen their risk for developing a psychological disorder and vice versa.
Discuss how newborn and caregiver characteristics interact to promote healthy development.
(36) Verified-Newborn characteristics - inborn individual differences based on genetics, neurophysiology, and coordination of physiological and psychological processes; effortful control, arousal, and emotion (both too much and too life) affect how a child experiences the world
-Caregiver characteristics - sensitive caregiving in response to an infant's unique temperament, etc., affect both the caregiver and the infant; caregiver affects regulation by how they respond to a child's needs (feeding, comforting, soothing); also impacts infant's personality based on their beliefs about how emotions are expressed which can be based on gender and culture
-Child and caregiver characteristics affect each other in dynamic and critical ways
Biobehavioral shifts are characterized by which of the following?
(40) Dale's tendency to react negatively to changes in his routine has persisted into his adult life. This is called temperamental ________.
(36) As an infant, Pedro responded negatively to changes in his environment, and now as an adolescent he prefers to have a predictable routine. This similarity over time reflects temperamental:
(37) Describe and give examples of the three biobehavioral shifts that occur in early childhood. Identify at which age these shifts normally occur.
(42) Describe the three factors (surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control) related to infant emotionality. In what ways do these factors differ between boys and girls and in different cultures?
(37) Ellie's parents have learned how to help her calm down after she is frightened by a strange face or loud noise. Over time, the hope is that Ellie will be able to regulate her own reactions. This interaction between Ellie and her parents is known as the ________.
(35) Thomas and Chess (1977; Chess & Thomas, 1984) are known for their research on how infant temperament and parenting can help or hinder a child's development.
(30) One of the reasons it is difficult to accurately diagnosis clinical syndromes in very young infants is related to which of the following factors?
(34) Which of the following infants is most at-risk of developing a feeding disorder?
(32) Pica is a fairly common disorder characterized by repeated regurgitation of food.
(28) Renee's family has a history of anxiety disorders. The likelihood that she will pass this trait on to her children could be described as one component of the diathesis-stress model.
(42) Describe and provide two examples of the importance of parent factors in the development of sleep-awake disorders in children.
(32) An infant who is timid and shy may be at risk for developing an anxiety disorder. Timidity and shyness are considered which type of risk factor?
(42) Describe why it is important to understand normal development when assessing sleep disorders in young children.
(35) Describe two behaviorally-oriented treatments for feeding or sleep disorders in young children.
(34) Based on what you've learned about disorders of early childhood, develop a prevention/intervention program that supports young children and their families.
(35) Noah is a 4-month-old infant who prefers to be left alone in his crib, has poor muscle tone, and can spend long periods of time starring at the ceiling fan in his room. This pattern of behavior is known as hypersensitive regulatory disorder.
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