Question 1

One difficulty associated with naturalistic observation of animals is that researchers may anthropomorphize animal behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Contingency research is a relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between the variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

In correlational studies, a number of factors may vary together, so that the results are confounded.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the _________ technique.

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic 
B)  authoritative 
C)  a priori 
D)  correlational 
A)  naturalistic 
B)  authoritative 
C)  a priori 
D)  correlational

Question 5

Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely corresponds to the pattern of data shown in the graph below?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.00 
B)  0.60 
C)  -0.60 
D)  0.10 
A)  1.00 
B)  0.60 
C)  -0.60 
D)  0.10

Question 6

Where there is a restricted range of values for one of two variables being measured

Accepted Answer

A)  the correlation coefficient will be close to +/- 1.0. 
B)  the correlation coefficient may be close to zero even if the two variables are related. 
C)  the correlation coefficient will be negative. 
D)  the correlation coefficient will be positive. 
A)  the correlation coefficient will be close to +/- 1.0. 
B)  the correlation coefficient may be close to zero even if the two variables are related. 
C)  the correlation coefficient will be negative. 
D)  the correlation coefficient will be positive.

Question 7

An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would

Accepted Answer

A)  be able to show that old age produces a decrease in memory span. 
B)  be able to determine that a third variable was involved. 
C)  make an error because age and memory span are measured on different scales. 
D)  be able to determine whether there is a relationship between age and memory span. 
A)  be able to show that old age produces a decrease in memory span. 
B)  be able to determine that a third variable was involved. 
C)  make an error because age and memory span are measured on different scales. 
D)  be able to determine whether there is a relationship between age and memory span.

Question 8

The validity of scientific observations can be threatened by reactivity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

__________ occurs when a third factor varies along with one of the variables of interest, making the interpretation of the correlation between the two main variables difficult.

Accepted Answer

A)  Confounding 
B)  Correlation 
C)  Confliction 
D)  Truncation 
A)  Confounding 
B)  Correlation 
C)  Confliction 
D)  Truncation

Question 10

In naturalistic observation, the observer's presence may make the measures

Accepted Answer

A)  comparative 
B)  error free 
C)  correlational 
D)  reactive 
A)  comparative 
B)  error free 
C)  correlational 
D)  reactive

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of survey research?

Accepted Answer

A)  It eliminates the problem of reactivity. 
B)  It is a form of observational research. 
C)  It provides descriptive data about a population based on a random sample. 
D)  It can suggest hypotheses that can be tested under more controlled conditions. 
A)  It eliminates the problem of reactivity. 
B)  It is a form of observational research. 
C)  It provides descriptive data about a population based on a random sample. 
D)  It can suggest hypotheses that can be tested under more controlled conditions.

Question 12

A negative correlation occurs when the increase in the value of one variable is associated with a corresponding decrease in another variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The correlation coefficient does not indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  the association between two variables. 
B)  the direction of the relationship between two variables. 
C)  the effect of one variable on another. 
D)  how one factor varies with another. 
A)  the association between two variables. 
B)  the direction of the relationship between two variables. 
C)  the effect of one variable on another. 
D)  how one factor varies with another.

Question 14

In naturalistic observations, one can guard against reactivity by

Accepted Answer

A)  making unobtrusive observations. 
B)  giving unobtrusive instructions. 
C)  making obtrusive measures. 
D)  eliminating confounding variables. 
A)  making unobtrusive observations. 
B)  giving unobtrusive instructions. 
C)  making obtrusive measures. 
D)  eliminating confounding variables.

Question 15

Describe a situation where naturalistic observation would be an ideal method to use. What are the positives and negatives of using this method for the situation you describe?

Accepted Answer

A situation where naturalistic observati

Question 16

Unobtrusive measures are indirect observations of behavior conducted ex post facto.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In a contingency table, the number in each cell of the table is

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of categories used to classify the participants. 
B)  the number of individuals in the sample who are classified in a particular category. 
C)  the total number of individuals in the sample. 
D)  the number of individuals who would be expected to belong to a particular category by chance. 
A)  the number of categories used to classify the participants. 
B)  the number of individuals in the sample who are classified in a particular category. 
C)  the total number of individuals in the sample. 
D)  the number of individuals who would be expected to belong to a particular category by chance.

Question 18

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that

Accepted Answer

A)  it allows for extensive experimental control. 
B)  it is easily replicated. 
C)  it is primarily descriptive. 
D)  it can define a problem area and raise further questions. 
A)  it allows for extensive experimental control. 
B)  it is easily replicated. 
C)  it is primarily descriptive. 
D)  it can define a problem area and raise further questions.

Question 19

Using a cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure, Eron, Huesmann, Letkowitz, and Walder (1972) found evidence which suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  watching violent TV programs may produce later aggression. 
B)  aggressive people tend to watch nonviolent TV programs. 
C)  people who watch violent TV programs when they are young continue to do so all of their lives. 
D)  aggressive third graders watch violent TV programs when they grow up. 
A)  watching violent TV programs may produce later aggression. 
B)  aggressive people tend to watch nonviolent TV programs. 
C)  people who watch violent TV programs when they are young continue to do so all of their lives. 
D)  aggressive third graders watch violent TV programs when they grow up.

Question 20

Confounding is a greater problem in experimental than in correlational research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

One difficulty associated with naturalistic observation of animals is that researchers may anthropomorphize animal behaviors.

Contingency research is a relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between the variables.

In correlational studies, a number of factors may vary together, so that the results are confounded.

Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the _________ technique.

Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely corresponds to the pattern of data shown in the graph below?

Where there is a restricted range of values for one of two variables being measured

An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would

The validity of scientific observations can be threatened by reactivity.

__________ occurs when a third factor varies along with one of the variables of interest, making the interpretation of the correlation between the two main variables difficult.

In naturalistic observation, the observer's presence may make the measures

Which of the following is not true of survey research?

A negative correlation occurs when the increase in the value of one variable is associated with a corresponding decrease in another variable.

The correlation coefficient does not indicate

In naturalistic observations, one can guard against reactivity by

Describe a situation where naturalistic observation would be an ideal method to use. What are the positives and negatives of using this method for the situation you describe?

Unobtrusive measures are indirect observations of behavior conducted ex post facto.

In a contingency table, the number in each cell of the table is

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that

Using a cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure, Eron, Huesmann, Letkowitz, and Walder (1972) found evidence which suggests that

Confounding is a greater problem in experimental than in correlational research.

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Thinking and Problem Solving

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

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Exam 2: Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

One difficulty associated with naturalistic observation of animals is that researchers may anthropomorphize animal behaviors.

Contingency research is a relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between the variables.

In correlational studies, a number of factors may vary together, so that the results are confounded.

Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the _________ technique.

Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely corresponds to the pattern of data shown in the graph below?

Where there is a restricted range of values for one of two variables being measured

An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would

The validity of scientific observations can be threatened by reactivity.

__________ occurs when a third factor varies along with one of the variables of interest, making the interpretation of the correlation between the two main variables difficult.

In naturalistic observation, the observer's presence may make the measures

Which of the following is not true of survey research?

A negative correlation occurs when the increase in the value of one variable is associated with a corresponding decrease in another variable.

The correlation coefficient does not indicate

In naturalistic observations, one can guard against reactivity by

Describe a situation where naturalistic observation would be an ideal method to use. What are the positives and negatives of using this method for the situation you describe?

Unobtrusive measures are indirect observations of behavior conducted ex post facto.

In a contingency table, the number in each cell of the table is

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that

Using a cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure, Eron, Huesmann, Letkowitz, and Walder (1972) found evidence which suggests that

Confounding is a greater problem in experimental than in correlational research.

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Thinking and Problem Solving

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

Filters