Question 1

__________ refers to actual replicability of experiments.

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistical reliability 
B)  Experimental reliability 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Verification 
A)  Statistical reliability 
B)  Experimental reliability 
C)  Conceptual replication 
D)  Verification B

Question 2

Discuss the various types of replication. Why are they valuable?

Accepted Answer

Replication is the process of copying and maintaining the same data in multiple locations. There are several types of replication, each with its own benefits and use cases.

1. Snapshot replication: This type of replication takes a point-in-time snapshot of the data and copies it to another location. It is valuable for reporting and data warehousing purposes, as it allows for consistent data to be available for analysis.

2. Transactional replication: This type of replication copies individual transactions from one database to another in real-time. It is valuable for maintaining consistent data across multiple locations and for supporting distributed applications.

3. Merge replication: This type of replication allows for changes to be made independently in multiple locations and then merged together. It is valuable for supporting disconnected or mobile applications, as well as for maintaining consistency in distributed environments.

4. Peer-to-peer replication: This type of replication allows for data to be shared and synchronized between multiple databases in a peer-to-peer fashion. It is valuable for load balancing and high availability, as well as for supporting distributed applications.

Replication is valuable because it provides several benefits, including:
- Improved availability and fault tolerance: By maintaining copies of data in multiple locations, replication can help ensure that data is available even if one location experiences a failure.
- Improved performance: By distributing data across multiple locations, replication can help improve performance by reducing the load on individual databases and providing faster access to data for users.
- Support for distributed applications: Replication allows for data to be shared and synchronized across multiple locations, which is valuable for supporting distributed applications and ensuring consistency across different parts of an organization.

Overall, replication is valuable because it helps organizations maintain consistent and available data across multiple locations, improve performance, and support distributed applications.

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The failure to replicate an experimental outcome can be instructive. 
B)  The issue of generality of results is independent of the problem of replicability. 
C)  Direct replications may be thought of as converging operations. 
D)  Performing replications of an experiment adds little to our understanding of the phenomenon being studied. 
A)  The failure to replicate an experimental outcome can be instructive. 
B)  The issue of generality of results is independent of the problem of replicability. 
C)  Direct replications may be thought of as converging operations. 
D)  Performing replications of an experiment adds little to our understanding of the phenomenon being studied. A

Question 4

_________ is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  Mapping 
B)  Conceptual replication 
C)  Confirmation bias 
D)  Functional fixedness 
A)  Mapping 
B)  Conceptual replication 
C)  Confirmation bias 
D)  Functional fixedness

Question 5

In Gick and Holyoak's (1980) experiments on analogical problem solving

Accepted Answer

A)  some participants were told to use the analogous story as a hint in solving the problem. 
B)  participants rated the adequacy of proposed solutions to a problem. 
C)  all participants read a story analogous to the problem scenario before providing a solution. 
D)  participants constructed scenarios similar to those presented for study. 
A)  some participants were told to use the analogous story as a hint in solving the problem. 
B)  participants rated the adequacy of proposed solutions to a problem. 
C)  all participants read a story analogous to the problem scenario before providing a solution. 
D)  participants constructed scenarios similar to those presented for study.

Question 6

Ensuring experimental control is often more difficult in research on thinking and problem solving because

Accepted Answer

A)  between-subjects designs are often used. 
B)  experiments in this area are often more complicated than experiments in other areas of psychology. 
C)  there are many extraneous variables that might influence performance. 
D)  all of these. 
A)  between-subjects designs are often used. 
B)  experiments in this area are often more complicated than experiments in other areas of psychology. 
C)  there are many extraneous variables that might influence performance. 
D)  all of these.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  A direct replication adds little to our understanding of a phenomenon. 
B)  A systematic replication is a form of converging operations. 
C)  A conceptual replication can clarify the boundary conditions under which an event will occur. 
D)  Systematic and conceptual replications add to our confidence in the reliability of an experimental result. 
A)  A direct replication adds little to our understanding of a phenomenon. 
B)  A systematic replication is a form of converging operations. 
C)  A conceptual replication can clarify the boundary conditions under which an event will occur. 
D)  Systematic and conceptual replications add to our confidence in the reliability of an experimental result.

Question 8

Thorndike's experiments on problem solving in cats showed that the success of a correct movement had no effect unless food was provided as negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The fact that most people would not think of using a newspaper to clean a car windshield is an example of.

Accepted Answer

A)  functional fixedness. 
B)  feeling-of-knowing. 
C)  systematic analogy. 
D)  insight. 
A)  functional fixedness. 
B)  feeling-of-knowing. 
C)  systematic analogy. 
D)  insight.

Question 10

There are often very few observations per condition when studying complex cognition because

Accepted Answer

A)  it is often necessary to test each participant individually in a time-consuming procedure. 
B)  there is very little variability among subjects in performance of these tasks. 
C)  the variability among subjects can be compensated for statistically. 
D)  statistical power is not affected by the number of observations obtained. 
A)  it is often necessary to test each participant individually in a time-consuming procedure. 
B)  there is very little variability among subjects in performance of these tasks. 
C)  the variability among subjects can be compensated for statistically. 
D)  statistical power is not affected by the number of observations obtained.

Question 11

A result is statistically reliable if

Accepted Answer

A)  the change observed in the independent variable is not due to chance factors. 
B)  the change observed in the dependent variable would only rarely occur by chance. 
C)  a repetition of the experiment yields the same result. 
D)  inferential statistics are used to evaluate the outcome. 
A)  the change observed in the independent variable is not due to chance factors. 
B)  the change observed in the dependent variable would only rarely occur by chance. 
C)  a repetition of the experiment yields the same result. 
D)  inferential statistics are used to evaluate the outcome.

Question 12

Verbal reports are sometimes used in the study of thinking, but caution must be exercised in their use. Why? Describe research findings that support your argument.

Accepted Answer

Verbal reports are sometimes used in the

Question 13

Subjective report is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Köhler's chimpanzees exhibited insight in problem solving.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes by trial and error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Even if the percentages of people solving a problem under different conditions were the same, differences in performance may be revealed by

Accepted Answer

A)  the quality of the solution. 
B)  the time to solve the problem. 
C)  problem solving latencies. 
D)  all of the these 
A)  the quality of the solution. 
B)  the time to solve the problem. 
C)  problem solving latencies. 
D)  all of the these

Question 17

How is the issue of generality of results related to the replicability of an experiment?

Accepted Answer

The issue of generality of results is cl

Question 18

According to Holyoak's theory, experience with the fortress problem will help a person solve the tumor problem

Accepted Answer

A)  in all cases. 
B)  only if the person finds correspondences between the original problem and the transfer problem. 
C)  only if the original problem immediately precedes the transfer problem. 
D)  only if the instructions are similar. 
A)  in all cases. 
B)  only if the person finds correspondences between the original problem and the transfer problem. 
C)  only if the original problem immediately precedes the transfer problem. 
D)  only if the instructions are similar.

Question 19

Under which situations do you think verbal reports are most informative? Why?

Accepted Answer

Verbal reports are most informative in s

Question 20

One factor affecting reliability is the number of observations per experimental condition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

__________ refers to actual replicability of experiments.

Discuss the various types of replication. Why are they valuable?

Which of the following is true?

_________ is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis

In Gick and Holyoak's (1980) experiments on analogical problem solving

Ensuring experimental control is often more difficult in research on thinking and problem solving because

Which of the following is NOT true?

Thorndike's experiments on problem solving in cats showed that the success of a correct movement had no effect unless food was provided as negative reinforcement.

The fact that most people would not think of using a newspaper to clean a car windshield is an example of.

There are often very few observations per condition when studying complex cognition because

A result is statistically reliable if

Verbal reports are sometimes used in the study of thinking, but caution must be exercised in their use. Why? Describe research findings that support your argument.

Subjective report is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis.

Köhler's chimpanzees exhibited insight in problem solving.

Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes by trial and error.

Even if the percentages of people solving a problem under different conditions were the same, differences in performance may be revealed by

How is the issue of generality of results related to the replicability of an experiment?

According to Holyoak's theory, experience with the fortress problem will help a person solve the tumor problem

Under which situations do you think verbal reports are most informative? Why?

One factor affecting reliability is the number of observations per experimental condition.

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

Filters

Exam 11: Thinking and Problem Solving

__________ refers to actual replicability of experiments.

Discuss the various types of replication. Why are they valuable?

Which of the following is true?

_________ is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis

In Gick and Holyoak's (1980) experiments on analogical problem solving

Ensuring experimental control is often more difficult in research on thinking and problem solving because

Which of the following is NOT true?

Thorndike's experiments on problem solving in cats showed that the success of a correct movement had no effect unless food was provided as negative reinforcement.

The fact that most people would not think of using a newspaper to clean a car windshield is an example of.

There are often very few observations per condition when studying complex cognition because

A result is statistically reliable if

Verbal reports are sometimes used in the study of thinking, but caution must be exercised in their use. Why? Describe research findings that support your argument.

Subjective report is the name for people's tendency to search for evidence that supports their hypothesis.

Köhler's chimpanzees exhibited insight in problem solving.

Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes by trial and error.

Even if the percentages of people solving a problem under different conditions were the same, differences in performance may be revealed by

How is the issue of generality of results related to the replicability of an experiment?

According to Holyoak's theory, experience with the fortress problem will help a person solve the tumor problem

Under which situations do you think verbal reports are most informative? Why?

One factor affecting reliability is the number of observations per experimental condition.

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

Filters