Question 1

_________ is inherent in correlational research and leads to interpretational difficulties.

Accepted Answer

A)  Participant observation 
B)  Reactivity 
C)  Delimiting observation 
D)  Confounding 
A)  Participant observation 
B)  Reactivity 
C)  Delimiting observation 
D)  Confounding

Question 2

A researcher studying productivity among factory workers finds that productivity declines as the outside temperature increases. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  a negative correlation 
B)  a zero correlation 
C)  a positive correlation 
D)  a confound 
A)  a negative correlation 
B)  a zero correlation 
C)  a positive correlation 
D)  a confound

Question 3

Stating that a kitten is sad because it has been separated from its mother is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  confounding. 
C)  anthropomorphizing. 
D)  a correlation. 
A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  confounding. 
C)  anthropomorphizing. 
D)  a correlation.

Question 4

A scientist is interested in investigating the claim that talking on a cell phone while driving increases the risk of having an accident. Describe how this study might be done using an observational method, a correlational method, and an experimental method. Which method do you think is best and why?

Accepted Answer

Observational method: In an observationa

Question 5

The x2 test for independence is a statistical test often used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables in contingency research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Deviant-case analysis attempts to minimize

Accepted Answer

A)  errors of observation. 
B)  the difficulties of making inferences. 
C)  reactivity. 
D)  statistical bias. 
A)  errors of observation. 
B)  the difficulties of making inferences. 
C)  reactivity. 
D)  statistical bias.

Question 7

Naturalistic observation occurs mostly in laboratory settings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Describe a real life situation where two variables are related nonlinearly.

Accepted Answer

A real-life situation where two variable

Question 9

Give an example of a situation in which the cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure would be appropriate.

Accepted Answer

The cross-lagged-panel correlational pro

Question 10

Correlation coefficients vary from

Accepted Answer

A)  0.0 to 1.0. 
B)  -1.0 to 0.0. 
C)  -1.0 to 1.0 
D)  -10.0 to 10.0 
A)  0.0 to 1.0. 
B)  -1.0 to 0.0. 
C)  -1.0 to 1.0 
D)  -10.0 to 10.0

Question 11

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that it can help to define a problem area and raise further research questions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Low correlations

Accepted Answer

A)  imply that the two variables are causally related. 
B)  are found only with Pearson coefficients. 
C)  may be produced by a restricted range of one of the variables. 
D)  are seldom observed in psychological research. 
A)  imply that the two variables are causally related. 
B)  are found only with Pearson coefficients. 
C)  may be produced by a restricted range of one of the variables. 
D)  are seldom observed in psychological research.

Question 13

Before calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient, it is advisable to plot the data because

Accepted Answer

A)  one must be sure that the underlying relationship between the two variables is linear. 
B)  the diagram is more informative than the correlation coefficient regarding causality. 
C)  one must make sure that the data are from a truncated range. 
D)  the correlation coefficient cannot show the direction of the relationship. 
A)  one must be sure that the underlying relationship between the two variables is linear. 
B)  the diagram is more informative than the correlation coefficient regarding causality. 
C)  one must make sure that the data are from a truncated range. 
D)  the correlation coefficient cannot show the direction of the relationship.

Question 14

A variable can be manipulated but not measured.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

T/F A case study may involve the comparison of a few individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Assessing the relation between two variables in correlational studies is usually made ex post facto, or

Accepted Answer

A)  a priori. 
B)  before the data are collected. 
C)  after the data are collected. 
D)  independently of data collection. 
A)  a priori. 
B)  before the data are collected. 
C)  after the data are collected. 
D)  independently of data collection.

Question 17

In participant observation, the researcher remains totally uninvolved in the lives of the participants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

In a study of the social interactions of the homeless in a busy railroad station, the researcher poses as a homeless woman and keeps a daily record of all of her interactions with other people, including the homeless, commuters, public officials (e.g., police officers), and those who work in the station. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  survey research 
B)  participant observation 
C)  an experiment 
D)  archival research 
A)  survey research 
B)  participant observation 
C)  an experiment 
D)  archival research

Question 19

A positive correlation is observed if the values of one variable decrease as the values of another variable decrease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

A case study

Accepted Answer

A)  is an intensive study of a single individual or group. 
B)  is a form of observational research. 
C)  cannot be used to test a causal hypothesis. 
D)  all of the these. 
A)  is an intensive study of a single individual or group. 
B)  is a form of observational research. 
C)  cannot be used to test a causal hypothesis. 
D)  all of the these.

_________ is inherent in correlational research and leads to interpretational difficulties.

A researcher studying productivity among factory workers finds that productivity declines as the outside temperature increases. This is an example of

Stating that a kitten is sad because it has been separated from its mother is an example of

The x2 test for independence is a statistical test often used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables in contingency research.

Deviant-case analysis attempts to minimize

Naturalistic observation occurs mostly in laboratory settings.

Describe a real life situation where two variables are related nonlinearly.

Give an example of a situation in which the cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure would be appropriate.

Correlation coefficients vary from

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that it can help to define a problem area and raise further research questions.

Low correlations

Before calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient, it is advisable to plot the data because

A variable can be manipulated but not measured.

T/F A case study may involve the comparison of a few individuals.

Assessing the relation between two variables in correlational studies is usually made ex post facto, or

In participant observation, the researcher remains totally uninvolved in the lives of the participants.

A positive correlation is observed if the values of one variable decrease as the values of another variable decrease.

A case study

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Thinking and Problem Solving

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

Filters

Exam 2: Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

_________ is inherent in correlational research and leads to interpretational difficulties.

A researcher studying productivity among factory workers finds that productivity declines as the outside temperature increases. This is an example of

Stating that a kitten is sad because it has been separated from its mother is an example of

The x2 test for independence is a statistical test often used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables in contingency research.

Deviant-case analysis attempts to minimize

Naturalistic observation occurs mostly in laboratory settings.

Describe a real life situation where two variables are related nonlinearly.

Give an example of a situation in which the cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure would be appropriate.

Correlation coefficients vary from

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that it can help to define a problem area and raise further research questions.

Low correlations

Before calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient, it is advisable to plot the data because

A variable can be manipulated but not measured.

T/F A case study may involve the comparison of a few individuals.

Assessing the relation between two variables in correlational studies is usually made ex post facto, or

In participant observation, the researcher remains totally uninvolved in the lives of the participants.

A positive correlation is observed if the values of one variable decrease as the values of another variable decrease.

A case study

Explanation in Scientific Psychology

Research Techniques: Experiments

Ethics in Psychological Research

How to Read and Write Research Reports

Psychophysics

Perception

Attention and Reaction Time

Learning and Conditioning

Remembering and Forgetting

Thinking and Problem Solving

Individual Differences and Development

Social Psychology

Environmental Psychology

Human Factors

Experimental Psychology: A Historical Sketch

Statistical Reasoning: An Introduction

Filters