Question 1

The major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  the order in which they are presented. 
B)  that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not. 
C)  that during conditioning the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases. 
D)  the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits. 
A)  the order in which they are presented. 
B)  that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not. 
C)  that during conditioning the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases. 
D)  the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits. B

Question 2

Kelly's parents always leave her with the same babysitter when they go out. Within minutes of the babysitter's arrival her parent are gone. Kelly's babysitter arrives at her birthday party; as soon as Kelly sees her she begins to cry. Using the principles of classical conditioning, explain why Kelly cried when she saw the babysitter.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning - the US (Kelly's parents leaving) is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (crying) without previous conditioning. The conditioned stimulus or CS (the babysitter) is a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response through association with the US (parents leaving). The conditioned response or CR (crying to the babysitter) is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. Through repeated pairing of the parents leaving (US) and the babysitter arriving (CS) Kelly has learned that the arrival of her babysitter means her parents are leaving, thus she cries.

Question 3

Jess has a desk right next to her manager's office. Whenever her manager is in his office, Jess makes sure that she works hard at her computer. However, if the manager is away from his office she often works much more slowly and takes more breaks. In this case, the manager being in his office is acting as

Accepted Answer

A)  a positive reinforcer for working hard. 
B)  a negative reinforcer for working hard. 
C)  a discriminative stimulus for working hard. 
D)  an unconditioned stimulus for working hard. 
A)  a positive reinforcer for working hard. 
B)  a negative reinforcer for working hard. 
C)  a discriminative stimulus for working hard. 
D)  an unconditioned stimulus for working hard. C

Question 4

Cassie asked her father for a chocolate bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the chocolate bar. If Cassie asks for more chocolate bars in the future, the chocolate bar has acted as a

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimulus. 
B)  reinforcer. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  conditioned stimulus. 
A)  discriminative stimulus. 
B)  reinforcer. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  conditioned stimulus.

Question 5

What is extinction? How does it differ from forgetting?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning extinction occ

Question 6

Nicolas has autistic disorder and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  modelling. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  modelling. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 7

The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  unconditioning. 
C)  conditioned forgetting. 
D)  spontaneous remission. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  unconditioning. 
C)  conditioned forgetting. 
D)  spontaneous remission.

Question 8

Given the research findings in this chapter, explain how you would respond to your own children when they did things you did that you did not want them to do. When would you use positive reinforcement? When would you use punishment to teach them things? When would you use negative reinforcement? What kinds of reinforcement schedules would you use? (Be sure that you clearly differentiate between reinforcement and punishment, negative and positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement and punishment)

Accepted Answer

In evaluating students' examples, make c

Question 9

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  state-dependent learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  observational conditioning. 
A)  state-dependent learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  observational conditioning.

Question 10

In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given

Accepted Answer

A)  after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. 
B)  after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. 
C)  for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed. 
D)  for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time has elapsed. 
A)  after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. 
B)  after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. 
C)  for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed. 
D)  for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

Question 11

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbour's budgie kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including sparrows, pigeons and hadedas. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

Accepted Answer

A)  preparedness. 
B)  stimulus generalisation. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  negative avoidance. 
A)  preparedness. 
B)  stimulus generalisation. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  negative avoidance.

Question 12

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow. Over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present so he develops a fear of Santa Claus. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as

Accepted Answer

A)  a noncontingent learner. 
B)  a negative reinforcer. 
C)  a positive reinforcer. 
D)  a model. 
A)  a noncontingent learner. 
B)  a negative reinforcer. 
C)  a positive reinforcer. 
D)  a model.

Question 14

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips which could be eaten. The coins served as a

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  secondary reinforcer. 
D)  partial reinforcer. 
A)  primary reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  secondary reinforcer. 
D)  partial reinforcer.

Question 16

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing Can't Help Falling in Love with You, her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears Can't Help Falling in Love with You on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  the long, passionate kiss. 
B)  the song, Can't Help Falling in Love with You. 
C)  the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend. 
D)  the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio. 
A)  the long, passionate kiss. 
B)  the song, Can't Help Falling in Love with You. 
C)  the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend. 
D)  the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio.

Question 17

Learning theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning. Describe the two types of conditioning discussed in your text.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves largely

Question 18

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone, spontaneous recovery occurs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

Accepted Answer

A)  a conditioned stimulus. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  an unconditioned response. 
A)  a conditioned stimulus. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  an unconditioned response.

Question 20

In a Skinner box, the cumulative recorder

Accepted Answer

A)  permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
B)  provides a complete record of everything the animal does. 
C)  delivers the reinforcers. 
D)  creates a graphic record of operant responding as a function of time. 
A)  permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies. 
B)  provides a complete record of everything the animal does. 
C)  delivers the reinforcers. 
D)  creates a graphic record of operant responding as a function of time.

The major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is

Cassie asked her father for a chocolate bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the chocolate bar. If Cassie asks for more chocolate bars in the future, the chocolate bar has acted as a

What is extinction? How does it differ from forgetting?

The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbour's budgie kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including sparrows, pigeons and hadedas. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow. Over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present so he develops a fear of Santa Claus. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips which could be eaten. The coins served as a

Learning theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning. Describe the two types of conditioning discussed in your text.

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone, spontaneous recovery occurs.

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

In a Skinner box, the cumulative recorder

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Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

The major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is

Cassie asked her father for a chocolate bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the chocolate bar. If Cassie asks for more chocolate bars in the future, the chocolate bar has acted as a

What is extinction? How does it differ from forgetting?

The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbour's budgie kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including sparrows, pigeons and hadedas. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow. Over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present so he develops a fear of Santa Claus. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips which could be eaten. The coins served as a

Learning theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning. Describe the two types of conditioning discussed in your text.

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone, spontaneous recovery occurs.

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

In a Skinner box, the cumulative recorder

The Evolution of Psychology

Research Methods in Psychology

Biology of Behaviour

Sensory Systems and Perception

States of Consciousness

Cognition and Language

Human Intelligence

Theories of Motives and Emotions

Human Development

Personality Theories

Social Psychology

Health Psychology

Abnormal Behaviour

Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour

Culture and Mental Health

Complementary Alternative Treatment of Mental Illnesses

Treatment of Mental Illnesses in South Africa: Culture-Related

Applied Psychology in South Africa

Filters