Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UR) was

Maria developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called

Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say "please" and "thank you". They will be most successful in altering Dillon's behavior if they use

When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of

If a child covers his/her ears when seeing fireworks, before hearing the sound of the fireworks, seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

Nancy has a headache; she takes some aspirin and the headache goes away. Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again. This is an example of

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically

Many people find it hard to "walk away from" or stop playing a slot machine. This is because slot machines reward playing on a ____ schedule.

In the 1930s learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by

Food would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer.

Patrick takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high". Patrick's behaviour is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behaviour by ____ reinforcement.

Sahid cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is

Sharifa developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

According to Skinner, if an event following a response leads to a decrease in an organism's tendency to make that response, reinforcement has occurred.

When a behaviour is strengthened indirectly, through vicarious conditioning, the process at work is ____________________ learning.

Negative reinforcement involves

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. (In fact, your parents were probably happier when they had control over the TV.) In this case, your learning would, most likely, be an example of

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first Billy's neighbours had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighbourhood, soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbours answered the door. The treats he received were the ____ for his saying "trick or treat".

When Lindiwas nine years old, the neighbour's pet German Shepherd dog bit her on the ankle. Today Lindi is still terrified of German Shepherds, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. Lindi's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of