Question 1

Which of the following best describes the receptor organ that generates nerve impulses required for hearing?

Accepted Answer

A) Basilar membrane 
B) Organ of Corti 
C) Scala tympani 
D) Stapes 
A) Basilar membrane 
B) Organ of Corti 
C) Scala tympani 
D) Stapes B

Question 2

Which of the following makes a direct connection with the oval window?

Accepted Answer

A) Tympanic membrane 
B) Stapes 
C) Malleus 
D) Incus 
A) Tympanic membrane 
B) Stapes 
C) Malleus 
D) Incus B

Question 3

In the central auditory pathway, which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures in the pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) Cochlear nuclei → superior olive → inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex 
B) Cochlear nuclei → inferior olive → inferior colliculus via medial lemniscus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex 
C) Cochlear nuclei → superior olive - superior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → lateral geniculate → auditory cortex 
D) Cochlear nuclei → inferior olive → inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → lateral geniculate → auditory cortex 
A) Cochlear nuclei → superior olive → inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex 
B) Cochlear nuclei → inferior olive → inferior colliculus via medial lemniscus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex 
C) Cochlear nuclei → superior olive - superior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → lateral geniculate → auditory cortex 
D) Cochlear nuclei → inferior olive → inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus → lateral geniculate → auditory cortex A

Question 4

A 20-year-old soldier suffers a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months as a result of multiple exposures to loud sounds. Use this information to answer the next two questions.
-An increase in which of the following is the most likely cause of this hearing loss?

Accepted Answer

A) Connexin 26 
B) Endolymph 
C) Perilymph 
D) Reactive oxygen species 
A) Connexin 26 
B) Endolymph 
C) Perilymph 
D) Reactive oxygen species

Question 5

The bending of hair cell stereocilia mediates auditory signals through which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A) Both depolarization and hyperpolarization 
B) Depolarization only 
C) Hyperpolarization only 
A) Both depolarization and hyperpolarization 
B) Depolarization only 
C) Hyperpolarization only

Question 6

Which structure within the central auditory pathway is involved in determining the direction of sound?

Accepted Answer

A) Trapezoid body 
B) Superior olivary nucleus 
C) Auditory cortex 
D) Inferior colliculus 
A) Trapezoid body 
B) Superior olivary nucleus 
C) Auditory cortex 
D) Inferior colliculus

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the rows of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti?

Accepted Answer

A) Adjust sensitivity of inner hair cells to stimulation 
B) Transduce the auditory signal itself 
C) Determine the direction of sound 
D) Adjust stiffness of basilar membrane through reflex activity 
A) Adjust sensitivity of inner hair cells to stimulation 
B) Transduce the auditory signal itself 
C) Determine the direction of sound 
D) Adjust stiffness of basilar membrane through reflex activity

Question 8

Which of the following makes a direct connection with the round window?

Accepted Answer

A) Incus 
B) Stapes 
C) Malleus 
D) None of the above 
A) Incus 
B) Stapes 
C) Malleus 
D) None of the above

Question 9

In the central auditory system, nerve fibers from the superior olivary nucleus project to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Medial geniculate nucleus via medial lemniscus 
B) Auditory cortex via superior colliculus 
C) Superior colliculus via trapezoid body 
D) Inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus 
A) Medial geniculate nucleus via medial lemniscus 
B) Auditory cortex via superior colliculus 
C) Superior colliculus via trapezoid body 
D) Inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus

Question 10

Low-frequency sound causes which portion of the basilar membrane to vibrate to the greatest extent?

Accepted Answer

A) Near oval window 
B) Middle portion 
C) Along entire length 
D) Near helicotrema 
A) Near oval window 
B) Middle portion 
C) Along entire length 
D) Near helicotrema

Question 11

The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is best described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Transduces auditory signal 
B) Adjusts sensitivity of outer hair cells 
C) Sends inhibitory signals to lateral geniculate nucleus 
D) Stabilizes basilar membrane 
A) Transduces auditory signal 
B) Adjusts sensitivity of outer hair cells 
C) Sends inhibitory signals to lateral geniculate nucleus 
D) Stabilizes basilar membrane

Question 12

How many rows of outer hair cells are present in the human organ of Corti?

Accepted Answer

A) One 
B) Two 
C) Three 
D) Four 
A) One 
B) Two 
C) Three 
D) Four

Question 13

High-frequency sound causes which portion of the basilar membrane to vibrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Near oval window 
B) Middle portion 
C) Along entire length 
D) Near helicotrema 
A) Near oval window 
B) Middle portion 
C) Along entire length 
D) Near helicotrema

Question 14

The function of the round window can best be described by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A) Provides connection point for stapes 
B) Serves to damp out low-frequency sounds such as your own voice 
C) Transmits frequency information into cochlea from tympanic membrane 
D) Serves as pressure relief valve for cochlea 
A) Provides connection point for stapes 
B) Serves to damp out low-frequency sounds such as your own voice 
C) Transmits frequency information into cochlea from tympanic membrane 
D) Serves as pressure relief valve for cochlea

Question 15

Damage to the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti located from the midpoint of the basilar membrane to the helicotrema will most likely result in a loss of the ability to accomplish which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Perceive high-frequency sounds 
B) Taste all but the bitter taste sensation 
C) Appreciate floral scent 
D) Perceive low-frequency sounds 
A) Perceive high-frequency sounds 
B) Taste all but the bitter taste sensation 
C) Appreciate floral scent 
D) Perceive low-frequency sounds

Question 16

The attenuation reflex protects the cochlea from loud, low-frequency sounds by which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A) Contraction of both stapedius and tensor tympani muscles 
B) Contraction of stapedius muscle, relaxation of tensor tympani muscle 
C) Relaxation of both stapedius and tensor tympani muscles 
D) Relaxation of stapedius muscle, contraction of tensor tympani muscle 
A) Contraction of both stapedius and tensor tympani muscles 
B) Contraction of stapedius muscle, relaxation of tensor tympani muscle 
C) Relaxation of both stapedius and tensor tympani muscles 
D) Relaxation of stapedius muscle, contraction of tensor tympani muscle

Question 17

A 20-year-old soldier suffers a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months as a result of multiple exposures to loud sounds. Use this information to answer the next two questions.
-Loss of which of the following structures is most likely to contribute to the hearing deficit?

Accepted Answer

A) Cochlea 
B) Inner hair cells 
C) Organ of Corti 
D) Scala media 
E) Scala vestibuli 
A) Cochlea 
B) Inner hair cells 
C) Organ of Corti 
D) Scala media 
E) Scala vestibuli

Exam 53: The Sense of Hearing

Which of the following best describes the receptor organ that generates nerve impulses required for hearing?

Which of the following makes a direct connection with the oval window?

In the central auditory pathway, which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures in the pathway?

A 20-year-old soldier suffers a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months as a result of multiple exposures to loud sounds. Use this information to answer the next two questions. -An increase in which of the following is the most likely cause of this hearing loss?

The bending of hair cell stereocilia mediates auditory signals through which of the following mechanisms?

Which structure within the central auditory pathway is involved in determining the direction of sound?

Which of the following best describes the function of the rows of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti?

Which of the following makes a direct connection with the round window?

In the central auditory system, nerve fibers from the superior olivary nucleus project to which of the following?

Low-frequency sound causes which portion of the basilar membrane to vibrate to the greatest extent?

The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is best described as which of the following?

How many rows of outer hair cells are present in the human organ of Corti?

High-frequency sound causes which portion of the basilar membrane to vibrate?

The function of the round window can best be described by which of the following statements?

Damage to the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti located from the midpoint of the basilar membrane to the helicotrema will most likely result in a loss of the ability to accomplish which of the following?

The attenuation reflex protects the cochlea from loud, low-frequency sounds by which of the following mechanisms?

A 20-year-old soldier suffers a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months as a result of multiple exposures to loud sounds. Use this information to answer the next two questions. -Loss of which of the following structures is most likely to contribute to the hearing deficit?

Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment

The Cell and Its Functions

Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction

Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle; the Heart As a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves

Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart

The Normal Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation

Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems

The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow

Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow

Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure

Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: the Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation

Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation

Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiac Failure

Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects

Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment

The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema

Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia

Resistance of the Body to Infection: I Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation

Resistance of the Body to Infection: Ii Immunity and Allergy

Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid

Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids

Regulation of Respiration

Respiratory Insufficiencypathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy

Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology

Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions

Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

Somatic Sensations: I General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

Somatic Sensations: II Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The Eye: I Optics of Vision

The Eye: II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina

The Eye: III Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The Chemical Sensestaste and Smell

Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes

Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brainthe Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

States of Brain Activitysleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla

Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Functionmotility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract

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