Question 1

Achalasia is associated with which of the following at rest and during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

A) Higher than normal pressure at lower esophageal sphincter 
B) Lower than normal pressure at lower esophageal sphincter 
C) Higher than normal pressure at upper esophageal sphincter 
D) Lower than normal pressure at upper esophageal sphincter 
A) Higher than normal pressure at lower esophageal sphincter 
B) Lower than normal pressure at lower esophageal sphincter 
C) Higher than normal pressure at upper esophageal sphincter 
D) Lower than normal pressure at upper esophageal sphincter A

Question 2

Mass movements are often stimulated after a meal by which reflex?

Accepted Answer

A) Coloileal reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Intestino-intestinal reflex 
E) Rectosphincteric reflex 
A) Coloileal reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Intestino-intestinal reflex 
E) Rectosphincteric reflex C

Question 3

Which of the following structures is critical for determining whether a bolus of food is small enough to be swallowed?

Accepted Answer

A) Epiglottis 
B) Larynx 
C) Palatopharyngeal folds 
D) Soft palate 
E) Upper esophageal sphincter 
A) Epiglottis 
B) Larynx 
C) Palatopharyngeal folds 
D) Soft palate 
E) Upper esophageal sphincter C

Question 4

A newborn boy does not pass meconium in the first 24 hours. His abdomen is distended, and he begins vomiting. Hirschsprung's disease is suspected. Which of the following is virtually absent from the constricted segment of the colon in this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood flow 
B) Circular smooth muscle 
C) Ganglion cells 
D) Mucosa 
E) Serosa 
A) Blood flow 
B) Circular smooth muscle 
C) Ganglion cells 
D) Mucosa 
E) Serosa

Question 5

Which of the following elements of the defecation apparatus requires input from higher centers of the brain in a healthy person under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) Peristaltic contractions of the sigmoid colon 
B) Rectal distention 
C) Rectal peristalsis 
D) Constriction of external anal sphincter 
E) Constriction of internal anal sphincter 
A) Peristaltic contractions of the sigmoid colon 
B) Rectal distention 
C) Rectal peristalsis 
D) Constriction of external anal sphincter 
E) Constriction of internal anal sphincter

Question 6

The primary purpose of migrating motility complexes is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Move chyme through the small intestine during a meal 
B) Promote gastric emptying as a meal is digested 
C) Stimulation of mass movements 
D) Sweep undigested residue toward the colon 
A) Move chyme through the small intestine during a meal 
B) Promote gastric emptying as a meal is digested 
C) Stimulation of mass movements 
D) Sweep undigested residue toward the colon

Question 7

Mass movements in the large intestine cause which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Contraction of internal anal sphincter 
B) Duodenal peristalsis 
C) Gastric retropulsion 
D) Hunger sensations 
E) Rectal distention 
A) Contraction of internal anal sphincter 
B) Duodenal peristalsis 
C) Gastric retropulsion 
D) Hunger sensations 
E) Rectal distention

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the direct physiological effect of the various hormones on gastric emptying? $\begin{array}{lllll}
&\text { Gastrin } & \text { Secretin } &\text { CCK }&\text { GIP } &\text { Motilir }\\hline
A.&\text {Decrease } & \text { Decrease } & \text { Decrease } & \text { Decrease } & \text { Increase } \
B.&\text { Increase } & \text { Decrease } & \text { None } & \text { Decrease } & \text { Increase } \
C.&\text {None } & \text { None } & \text { Decrease } & \text { Increase } & \text { Increase } \
D.&\text {None } & \text { None } & \text { Decrease } & \text { None } & \text { None } \
E.&\text {None } & \text { None } & \text { Increase } & \text { None } & \text { None }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes the...

Question 9

A 20-year-old man has his spinal cord severed at T6 in an automobile accident. He devises a method to distend the rectum to initiate the rectosphincteric reflex. Rectal distention causes which of the following? $\begin{array}{llcc}
\underline{\text { Relaxation of Internal }}&\underline{\text {Contraction of External}}&\underline{\text { Contraction}}
 \
\underline{\text { Anal Sphincter}}&\underline{\text {Anal Sphincter}}&\underline{\text {  of Rectum}}
\end{array}$

A.$\begin{array}{llcc}\quad\text { No } &\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \text { No }&\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { No }
\end{array}$ 
B. $\begin{array}{llcc}\quad\text { No } &\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \text { No }&\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Yes }
\end{array}$  
C.$\begin{array}{llcc}\quad\text { Yes } &\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \text { No }&\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Yes }
\end{array}$  
D.$\begin{array}{llcc}\quad\text { Yes } &\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \text { No }&\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { No }
\end{array}$  
E.$\begin{array}{llcc}\quad\text { Yes } &\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \text { Yes}&\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Yes }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 20-year-old man has his spinal cord...

Question 10

A healthy 29-year-old man eats a breakfast of eggs, bacon, and toast. A decrease in which of the following delays gastric emptying?

Accepted Answer

A) Intestinal peristalsis 
B) Pyloric tone 
C) Segmentation contractions in small intestine 
D) Tone of orad stomach 
A) Intestinal peristalsis 
B) Pyloric tone 
C) Segmentation contractions in small intestine 
D) Tone of orad stomach

Question 11

A 52-year-old man eats a healthy meal. Approximately 20 minutes later, the man has the urge to defecate. Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the stomach is stretched?

Accepted Answer

A) Duodenocolic reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Ileocecal reflex 
E) Intestine-intestinal reflex 
A) Duodenocolic reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Ileocecal reflex 
E) Intestine-intestinal reflex

Question 12

Migrating motility complexes are thought to be stimulated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Cholecystokinin 
B) Gastrin 
C) Mass movements 
D) Motilin 
E) Vasoactive intestinal peptide 
A) Cholecystokinin 
B) Gastrin 
C) Mass movements 
D) Motilin 
E) Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 13

A 19-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department after an automobile accident. A CT scan shows that the spinal cord is severed at T5. Balloon distension of the rectum is most likely to cause which of the following in this patient? $\begin{array}{lll}
&External&&Internal\
&\text { Ana1 Sphincter } & \text { Rectum } &\text { Anal Sphincter }\\hline
A.&\text { Contraction } & \text { Contraction } & \text { Contraction } \
B.&\text { Contraction } & \text { No effect } & \text { Contraction } \
C.&\text { Relaxation } & \text { Relaxation } & \text { Contraction } \
D.&\text { No effect } & \text { Contraction } & \text { No effect } \
E.&\text { Relaxation } & \text { No effect } & \text { No effect } \
F.&\text { No effect } & \text { Contraction } & \text { Relaxation } \
G.&\text { No effect } & \text { Relaxation } & \text { Relaxation } \
H.& \text { Relaxation } & \text { Relaxation } & \text { Relaxation }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 19-year-old man is admitted to the...

Question 14

Conditions that tend to increase gastric emptying include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreased peristalsis in stomach 
B) Increased tone of orad stomach 
C) Increased tone of pylorus 
D) Segmentation contractions in intestine 
A) Decreased peristalsis in stomach 
B) Increased tone of orad stomach 
C) Increased tone of pylorus 
D) Segmentation contractions in intestine

Question 15

Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the duodenum is distended?

Accepted Answer

A) Duodenocolic reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Ileocecal reflex 
E) Intestino-intestinal reflex 
A) Duodenocolic reflex 
B) Enterogastric reflex 
C) Gastrocolic reflex 
D) Ileocecal reflex 
E) Intestino-intestinal reflex

Question 16

Ileocecal sphincter tone decreases after distention of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Colon 
B) Esophagus 
C) Ileum 
D) Rectum 
E) Stomach 
A) Colon 
B) Esophagus 
C) Ileum 
D) Rectum 
E) Stomach

Question 17

Receptive relaxation of the fundus is mediated by which substance?

Accepted Answer

A) Amino acids 
B) Gastrin 
C) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide 
D) Secretin 
E) Vasoactive intestinal peptide 
A) Amino acids 
B) Gastrin 
C) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide 
D) Secretin 
E) Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 18

Distention of the rectum causes a reflex relaxation of which structure?

Accepted Answer

A) Abdominal muscle 
B) Diaphragm 
C) External anal sphincter 
D) Internal anal sphincter 
E) Sigmoid colon 
A) Abdominal muscle 
B) Diaphragm 
C) External anal sphincter 
D) Internal anal sphincter 
E) Sigmoid colon

Question 19

Which one of the pressure tracings given below illustrates normal function of the lower esophageal sphincter before and after swallowing (arrow)? The dashed line represents a pressure of 0 mm Hg.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the pressure tracings given...

Question 20

An 87-year-old man has a stroke that eliminates vagal nerve input to the gastrointestinal tract and severely curtails function of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Which of the following is operational in this man?

Accepted Answer

A) Pharyngeal phase of swallowing 
B) Primary peristalsis of the esophagus 
C) Receptive relaxation of the fundus 
D) Receptive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter 
E) Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus 
A) Pharyngeal phase of swallowing 
B) Primary peristalsis of the esophagus 
C) Receptive relaxation of the fundus 
D) Receptive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter 
E) Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus

Exam 64: Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract

Achalasia is associated with which of the following at rest and during swallowing?

Mass movements are often stimulated after a meal by which reflex?

Which of the following structures is critical for determining whether a bolus of food is small enough to be swallowed?

A newborn boy does not pass meconium in the first 24 hours. His abdomen is distended, and he begins vomiting. Hirschsprung's disease is suspected. Which of the following is virtually absent from the constricted segment of the colon in this patient?

Which of the following elements of the defecation apparatus requires input from higher centers of the brain in a healthy person under normal conditions?

The primary purpose of migrating motility complexes is which of the following?

Mass movements in the large intestine cause which of the following?

A 20-year-old man has his spinal cord severed at T6 in an automobile accident. He devises a method to distend the rectum to initiate the rectosphincteric reflex. Rectal distention causes which of the following? A. No No No B. No No Yes C. Yes No Yes D. Yes No No E. Yes Yes Yes

A healthy 29-year-old man eats a breakfast of eggs, bacon, and toast. A decrease in which of the following delays gastric emptying?

A 52-year-old man eats a healthy meal. Approximately 20 minutes later, the man has the urge to defecate. Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the stomach is stretched?

Migrating motility complexes are thought to be stimulated by which of the following?

Conditions that tend to increase gastric emptying include which of the following?

Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the duodenum is distended?

Ileocecal sphincter tone decreases after distention of which of the following?

Receptive relaxation of the fundus is mediated by which substance?

Distention of the rectum causes a reflex relaxation of which structure?

Which one of the pressure tracings given below illustrates normal function of the lower esophageal sphincter before and after swallowing (arrow)? The dashed line represents a pressure of 0 mm Hg.

An 87-year-old man has a stroke that eliminates vagal nerve input to the gastrointestinal tract and severely curtails function of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Which of the following is operational in this man?

Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment

The Cell and Its Functions

Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction

Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle; the Heart As a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves

Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart

The Normal Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation

Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems

The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow

Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow

Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure

Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: the Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation

Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation

Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiac Failure

Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects

Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment

The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema

Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia

Resistance of the Body to Infection: I Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation

Resistance of the Body to Infection: Ii Immunity and Allergy

Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid

Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids

Regulation of Respiration

Respiratory Insufficiencypathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy

Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology

Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions

Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

Somatic Sensations: I General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

Somatic Sensations: II Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The Eye: I Optics of Vision

The Eye: II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina

The Eye: III Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The Sense of Hearing

The Chemical Sensestaste and Smell

Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes

Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brainthe Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

States of Brain Activitysleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla

Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Functionmotility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

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