Question 1

What did David Elkind mean when he characterized adolescents as egocentric?

Accepted Answer

Adolescent egocentrism manifests itself in a couple of ways. First, although adolescents understand that others view the world differently from them, they maintain that their view is the correct one because it is based on logic. Thus, they don't distinguish between the world as it should be and the world as it is. Second, because they are so preoccupied with themselves and how they appear to others, they assume that other people are equally interested in how they look and what they do.

Question 2

Provide a brief explanation of what Piaget means by assimilation.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the incorporation of experiences into one's existing cognitive structure.

Question 3

What are the psychological tools that Vygotsky discussed and what is their effect upon cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Psychological tools develop within cultures as people attempt to master their environment. These tools are such things as speech, written language, maps, and number systems. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development would be advanced through the transmission of these tools from the intellectually skilled to the less able learner in the context of social interaction.

Question 4

A student is told by his science teacher that toads are not reptiles, as the student had originally thought. The student checks an animal taxonomy (classification) book out of the library in order to determine exactly what toads are, if not reptiles. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this student is attempting to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase the disequilibrium caused by his science teacher. 
B)  reorganize his scheme of animal systems. 
C)  create a dichotomy in his understanding of animal life. 
D)  enhance the discrepancy between the old and new perceptions of what it is to be a toad. 
A)  increase the disequilibrium caused by his science teacher. 
B)  reorganize his scheme of animal systems. 
C)  create a dichotomy in his understanding of animal life. 
D)  enhance the discrepancy between the old and new perceptions of what it is to be a toad.

Question 5

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year-old

Accepted Answer

A)  takes a single, absolute moral stand. 
B)  believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered. 
C)  determines guilt by the amount of damage. 
D)  cannot consider the intentions behind an act. 
A)  takes a single, absolute moral stand. 
B)  believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered. 
C)  determines guilt by the amount of damage. 
D)  cannot consider the intentions behind an act.

Question 6

According to Vygotsky,

Accepted Answer

A)  children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced. 
B)  peer interactions do more to stimulate cognitive development than do interactions with adults. 
C)  Piaget was incorrect in asserting that the formal operational stage was the highest level of cognitive development. 
D)  genetically determined factors predispose how effectively children assimilate, accommodate, and equilibrate new information. 
A)  children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced. 
B)  peer interactions do more to stimulate cognitive development than do interactions with adults. 
C)  Piaget was incorrect in asserting that the formal operational stage was the highest level of cognitive development. 
D)  genetically determined factors predispose how effectively children assimilate, accommodate, and equilibrate new information.

Question 7

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be observed in a room full of three-year-olds?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child who is busy playing with a toy yields it to another three-year-old when the second child demands it. 
B)  A child who grabs a toy from a classmate seems genuinely unconcerned when the classmate bursts into tears. 
C)  A child who has only one piece of candy gives it to a friend. 
D)  A child who slaps another child is immediately sorry. 
A)  A child who is busy playing with a toy yields it to another three-year-old when the second child demands it. 
B)  A child who grabs a toy from a classmate seems genuinely unconcerned when the classmate bursts into tears. 
C)  A child who has only one piece of candy gives it to a friend. 
D)  A child who slaps another child is immediately sorry.

Question 8

Describe the characteristics of foreclosure types in Marcia's identity status classification scheme.

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure types accept and e

Question 9

Ephraim, a student at Central State University, where parking spaces for students are few and far between, refuses to attempt to park in the spaces designated for students. Further, he will not buy a student parking sticker for his car. Though he receives numerous tickets, he continues to blatantly ignore all parking rules and regulations. Which of the following answers would describe postconventional justification for his behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  He parks where he wants because his mom told him to do so. 
B)  It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service they can't guarantee. 
C)  He is not aware of how his actions may harm the student body. 
D)  Campus security is oblivious to the needs of the students and should not be part of the parking division. 
A)  He parks where he wants because his mom told him to do so. 
B)  It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service they can't guarantee. 
C)  He is not aware of how his actions may harm the student body. 
D)  Campus security is oblivious to the needs of the students and should not be part of the parking division.

Question 10

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

Accepted Answer

A)  name all fifty states. 
B)  write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character. 
C)  calculate the area of a triangle. 
D)  list the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastic products. 
A)  name all fifty states. 
B)  write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character. 
C)  calculate the area of a triangle. 
D)  list the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastic products.

Question 11

According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by

Accepted Answer

A)  encouraging them never to feel guilty. 
B)  promoting the open expression of initiative at all times. 
C)  striving for a perfect balance between initiative and guilt. 
D)  giving them the freedom to explore and taking the time to answer questions. 
A)  encouraging them never to feel guilty. 
B)  promoting the open expression of initiative at all times. 
C)  striving for a perfect balance between initiative and guilt. 
D)  giving them the freedom to explore and taking the time to answer questions.

Question 12

Eight-year-old Elizabeth is given a butterfly net for her birthday. She spends hours and hours capturing all kinds of creatures: butterflies, moths, crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, aphids, and pill bugs, to name just a few. She notices that some of the creatures have six legs and some have eight. She also notices that some have hard covers over their wings and others don't. She takes note of these differences and begins to separate her creatures according to the differences she notes. Which of the following, according to Piaget, is the process in which Elizabeth is engaging?

Accepted Answer

A)  equilibrium 
B)  assimilation 
C)  foreclosure 
D)  organization 
A)  equilibrium 
B)  assimilation 
C)  foreclosure 
D)  organization

Question 13

Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three-year-olds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents insist that their daughter attempt to cut a piece of meat, even though she is reluctant to try. 
B)  A parent encourages a child who is trying to learn new skills, while at the same time providing support and supervision for her. 
C)  Parents toilet train their child in a very strict manner. 
D)  Parents agree on a policy of not setting limits for their child, so that she or he can become more autonomous. 
A)  Parents insist that their daughter attempt to cut a piece of meat, even though she is reluctant to try. 
B)  A parent encourages a child who is trying to learn new skills, while at the same time providing support and supervision for her. 
C)  Parents toilet train their child in a very strict manner. 
D)  Parents agree on a policy of not setting limits for their child, so that she or he can become more autonomous.

Question 14

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  formal operational thought is evident only in industrialized countries. 
B)  the sequence of Piaget's stages is culturally dependent. 
C)  while the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally. 
D)  rates of development are consistent in most cultures, but many children in tribal communities skip the formal-operational stage of development. 
A)  formal operational thought is evident only in industrialized countries. 
B)  the sequence of Piaget's stages is culturally dependent. 
C)  while the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally. 
D)  rates of development are consistent in most cultures, but many children in tribal communities skip the formal-operational stage of development.

Question 15

According to James Marcia, what is an identity status?

Accepted Answer

An identity status is a style

Question 16

Describe how the use of computers and computer-based simulations may contribute to the cognitive development of young learners from the perspective of Piaget.

Accepted Answer

Computer-based simulations facilitate co

Question 17

Summarize the evidence about the relationship between moral knowledge and moral behavior.

Accepted Answer

Moral behavior depends on circumstances

Question 18

How can teachers help accelerate cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Good quality instruction is like a magne

Question 19

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding is most like the concept of

Accepted Answer

A)  discovery. 
B)  training. 
C)  renewal. 
D)  restoration. 
A)  discovery. 
B)  training. 
C)  renewal. 
D)  restoration.

Question 20

What does research evidence suggest about the applicability of Piaget's findings to children from different cultures?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the sequence of t

What did David Elkind mean when he characterized adolescents as egocentric?

Provide a brief explanation of what Piaget means by assimilation.

What are the psychological tools that Vygotsky discussed and what is their effect upon cognitive development?

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year-old

According to Vygotsky,

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be observed in a room full of three-year-olds?

Describe the characteristics of foreclosure types in Marcia's identity status classification scheme.

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by

Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three-year-olds?

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

According to James Marcia, what is an identity status?

Describe how the use of computers and computer-based simulations may contribute to the cognitive development of young learners from the perspective of Piaget.

Summarize the evidence about the relationship between moral knowledge and moral behavior.

How can teachers help accelerate cognitive development?

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding is most like the concept of

What does research evidence suggest about the applicability of Piaget's findings to children from different cultures?

Applying Psychology to Teaching

Age-Level Characteristics

Understanding Student Differences

Addressing Cultural and Socioeconomic Diversity

Accommodating Student Variability

Behavioral Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning

Information-Processing Theory

Social Cognitive Theory

Constructivist Learning Theory, Problem Solving, and Transfer

Motivation and Perceptions of Self

Classroom Management

Approaches to Instruction

Assessment of Classroom Learning

Understanding Standardized Assessment

Filters

Exam 2: Theories of Psychosocial and Cognitive Development

What did David Elkind mean when he characterized adolescents as egocentric?

Provide a brief explanation of what Piaget means by assimilation.

What are the psychological tools that Vygotsky discussed and what is their effect upon cognitive development?

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year-old

According to Vygotsky,

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be observed in a room full of three-year-olds?

Describe the characteristics of foreclosure types in Marcia's identity status classification scheme.

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by

Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three-year-olds?

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

According to James Marcia, what is an identity status?

Describe how the use of computers and computer-based simulations may contribute to the cognitive development of young learners from the perspective of Piaget.

Summarize the evidence about the relationship between moral knowledge and moral behavior.

How can teachers help accelerate cognitive development?

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding is most like the concept of

What does research evidence suggest about the applicability of Piaget's findings to children from different cultures?

Applying Psychology to Teaching

Age-Level Characteristics

Understanding Student Differences

Addressing Cultural and Socioeconomic Diversity

Accommodating Student Variability

Behavioral Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning

Information-Processing Theory

Social Cognitive Theory

Constructivist Learning Theory, Problem Solving, and Transfer

Motivation and Perceptions of Self

Classroom Management

Approaches to Instruction

Assessment of Classroom Learning

Understanding Standardized Assessment

Filters