Question 1

In Pepperberg's model-rival technique, how was Alex the parrot trained to name objects?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through social learning and operant conditioning 
B)  Through discrimination procedures 
C)  Through trial-and-error learning 
D)  Through shaping and chaining of responses 
A)  Through social learning and operant conditioning 
B)  Through discrimination procedures 
C)  Through trial-and-error learning 
D)  Through shaping and chaining of responses A

Question 2

When would the horse named Clever Hans NOT provide the correct answer to a question?

Accepted Answer

A)  When it was asked by anyone other than his trainer 
B)  When the questioner did not know the answer 
C)  When people were watching 
D)  When Hans did not know the answer 
A)  When it was asked by anyone other than his trainer 
B)  When the questioner did not know the answer 
C)  When people were watching 
D)  When Hans did not know the answer B

Question 3

Outline Tinbergen's four questions. State the distinction between the ultimate cause and the proximate cause of a trait.

Accepted Answer

Nikolaas Tinbergen, a pioneering ethologist, proposed four questions to understand animal behavior. These questions are categorized into two main groups: ultimate causes and proximate causes.

The ultimate causes of behavior focus on the evolutionary reasons for why a behavior exists. These questions are concerned with the function and adaptive significance of a behavior. The four ultimate questions are: 
1. What is the function of the behavior? 
2. How does the behavior develop over the lifetime of an individual? 
3. How does the behavior compare with other species? 
4. What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?

On the other hand, the proximate causes of behavior focus on the immediate mechanisms that underlie a behavior. These questions are concerned with the physiological and developmental processes that lead to a behavior. The four proximate questions are: 
1. What triggers the behavior? 
2. How does the behavior occur? 
3. What are the developmental mechanisms underlying the behavior? 
4. What are the physiological mechanisms underlying the behavior?

The distinction between ultimate cause and proximate cause is that ultimate causes focus on the evolutionary reasons for a behavior, while proximate causes focus on the immediate mechanisms that underlie a behavior. In other words, ultimate causes address why a behavior exists in the context of evolution, while proximate causes address how a behavior occurs at a physiological and developmental level.

Question 4

The most effective way to teach an ape sign language is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrate a sign while performing the action. 
B)  shape the correct action using food as a reinforcer. 
C)  shape the correct action using attention as a reinforcer. 
D)  punish the occurrence of incorrect actions. 
A)  demonstrate a sign while performing the action. 
B)  shape the correct action using food as a reinforcer. 
C)  shape the correct action using attention as a reinforcer. 
D)  punish the occurrence of incorrect actions.

Question 5

Which of the following pairs of birds would typically have the greatest similarity in spatial memory abilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two closely related species that do not store food 
B)  Two unrelated species that both store food 
C)  Two closely related species, in which one stores food and the other does not 
D)  Two unrelated species, in which one stores food and the other does not 
A)  Two closely related species that do not store food 
B)  Two unrelated species that both store food 
C)  Two closely related species, in which one stores food and the other does not 
D)  Two unrelated species, in which one stores food and the other does not

Question 6

In the context of Tinbergen's "four levels of analysis," which of the following would be considered a question about proximate cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  How does a trait allow an animal to live longer? 
B)  Is this a trait that is shared by other species that are closely related? 
C)  Does a trait allow a species to have more offspring? 
D)  At what age does a trait emerge, and how does it develop? 
A)  How does a trait allow an animal to live longer? 
B)  Is this a trait that is shared by other species that are closely related? 
C)  Does a trait allow a species to have more offspring? 
D)  At what age does a trait emerge, and how does it develop?

Question 7

If you know that it would be a bad idea to insult your supervisor and an even worse idea to insult your supervisor's supervisor, which of the following concepts do you understand?

Accepted Answer

A)  Generalization 
B)  Transitive inference 
C)  Categorical learning 
D)  Rank induction 
A)  Generalization 
B)  Transitive inference 
C)  Categorical learning 
D)  Rank induction

Question 8

Which of the following processes explains the acquisition of tool use among chimpanzees?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observational learning 
B)  Classical conditioning 
C)  Overshadowing 
D)  Generalization 
A)  Observational learning 
B)  Classical conditioning 
C)  Overshadowing 
D)  Generalization

Question 9

Which of the following pieces of evidence suggests that chimps who learn ASL find it rewarding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through gestures, they have told their trainers that they find it rewarding. 
B)  They refuse to do other tasks. 
C)  They give up food in order to be allowed to sign. 
D)  They sign even when they are by themselves. 
A)  Through gestures, they have told their trainers that they find it rewarding. 
B)  They refuse to do other tasks. 
C)  They give up food in order to be allowed to sign. 
D)  They sign even when they are by themselves.

Question 10

Infant vervet monkeys do not automatically react appropriately to alarm calls. This suggests that responses to alarm calls are:

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive. 
B)  classically conditioned. 
C)  not evidence of communication. 
D)  learned. 
A)  reflexive. 
B)  classically conditioned. 
C)  not evidence of communication. 
D)  learned.

Question 11

Species that have been subjected to language training experiments share some important features. These species :

Accepted Answer

A)  have relatively large, complex brains. 
B)  are usually extremely social. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  have relatively small, specialized brains and are relatively social. 
A)  have relatively large, complex brains. 
B)  are usually extremely social. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  have relatively small, specialized brains and are relatively social.

Question 12

Infant humans tend to pass the mark and mirror test by the age of _____, while many chimpanzees pass it by the age of   _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 years; 4 years 
B)  24 months; 28 months 
C)  12 months; 24 months 
D)  6 months; 4 years 
A)  3 years; 4 years 
B)  24 months; 28 months 
C)  12 months; 24 months 
D)  6 months; 4 years

Question 13

Which of the following aspects of language allows us to discuss objects and events that are not present?

Accepted Answer

A)  Grammar 
B)  Style 
C)  Semantics 
D)  Syntax 
A)  Grammar 
B)  Style 
C)  Semantics 
D)  Syntax

Question 14

Which of the following species has shown exceptional skill in multistep processes that involve harvesting of two different types of plants at different points in time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Octopuses 
B)  Crows 
C)  Otters 
D)  Chimpanzees 
A)  Octopuses 
B)  Crows 
C)  Otters 
D)  Chimpanzees

Question 15

The fact that Phoenix, the dolphin, understood that BALL FETCH BASKET means the opposite of BASKET FETCH BALL indicates that it acquired the _____ aspect of language.

Accepted Answer

A)  symbolic 
B)  abstracted 
C)  referential 
D)  grammatical 
A)  symbolic 
B)  abstracted 
C)  referential 
D)  grammatical

Question 16

What have been the general findings regarding attempted demonstrations of language learning in chimps and in dolphins? What is the overall conclusion regarding language learning in animals?

Accepted Answer

The general findings regarding attempted

Question 17

All of the chimps that were taught sign language seemed to pass the test of:

Accepted Answer

A)  reference. 
B)  semantics. 
C)  grammar. 
D)  All of these are correct. 
A)  reference. 
B)  semantics. 
C)  grammar. 
D)  All of these are correct.

Question 18

When making choices in the Monty Hall dilemma, humans tend to use _____ probability, whereas pigeons utilize _____ probability.

Accepted Answer

A)  standard; empirical 
B)  classical; empirical 
C)  empirical; classical 
D)  empirical; standard 
A)  standard; empirical 
B)  classical; empirical 
C)  empirical; classical 
D)  empirical; standard

Question 19

Which of the following is a topic studied under comparative cognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-awareness 
B)  Communication skills 
C)  Physiological disorders 
D)  Body reflexes 
A)  Self-awareness 
B)  Communication skills 
C)  Physiological disorders 
D)  Body reflexes

Question 20

Dolphins are suitable subjects for artificial language training primarily because they:

Accepted Answer

A)  are one of the few species that can communicate. 
B)  do not show fear. 
C)  have a self-concept. 
D)  live in close social groups and are highly intelligent. 
A)  are one of the few species that can communicate. 
B)  do not show fear. 
C)  have a self-concept. 
D)  live in close social groups and are highly intelligent.

In Pepperberg's model-rival technique, how was Alex the parrot trained to name objects?

When would the horse named Clever Hans NOT provide the correct answer to a question?

Outline Tinbergen's four questions. State the distinction between the ultimate cause and the proximate cause of a trait.

The most effective way to teach an ape sign language is to:

Which of the following pairs of birds would typically have the greatest similarity in spatial memory abilities?

In the context of Tinbergen's "four levels of analysis," which of the following would be considered a question about proximate cause?

If you know that it would be a bad idea to insult your supervisor and an even worse idea to insult your supervisor's supervisor, which of the following concepts do you understand?

Which of the following processes explains the acquisition of tool use among chimpanzees?

Which of the following pieces of evidence suggests that chimps who learn ASL find it rewarding?

Infant vervet monkeys do not automatically react appropriately to alarm calls. This suggests that responses to alarm calls are:

Species that have been subjected to language training experiments share some important features. These species :

Infant humans tend to pass the mark and mirror test by the age of _, while many chimpanzees pass it by the age of _.

Which of the following aspects of language allows us to discuss objects and events that are not present?

Which of the following species has shown exceptional skill in multistep processes that involve harvesting of two different types of plants at different points in time?

The fact that Phoenix, the dolphin, understood that BALL FETCH BASKET means the opposite of BASKET FETCH BALL indicates that it acquired the _____ aspect of language.

What have been the general findings regarding attempted demonstrations of language learning in chimps and in dolphins? What is the overall conclusion regarding language learning in animals?

All of the chimps that were taught sign language seemed to pass the test of:

When making choices in the Monty Hall dilemma, humans tend to use _ probability, whereas pigeons utilize _ probability.

Which of the following is a topic studied under comparative cognition?

Dolphins are suitable subjects for artificial language training primarily because they:

Introduction

Research Methods

Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Introduction

Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

Extinction and Stimulus Control

Escape Avoidance and Punishment

Choice Matching and Self Control

Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

Biological Dispositions in Learning

Filters

Exam 13: Comparative Cognition

In Pepperberg's model-rival technique, how was Alex the parrot trained to name objects?

When would the horse named Clever Hans NOT provide the correct answer to a question?

Outline Tinbergen's four questions. State the distinction between the ultimate cause and the proximate cause of a trait.

The most effective way to teach an ape sign language is to:

Which of the following pairs of birds would typically have the greatest similarity in spatial memory abilities?

In the context of Tinbergen's "four levels of analysis," which of the following would be considered a question about proximate cause?

If you know that it would be a bad idea to insult your supervisor and an even worse idea to insult your supervisor's supervisor, which of the following concepts do you understand?

Which of the following processes explains the acquisition of tool use among chimpanzees?

Which of the following pieces of evidence suggests that chimps who learn ASL find it rewarding?

Infant vervet monkeys do not automatically react appropriately to alarm calls. This suggests that responses to alarm calls are:

Species that have been subjected to language training experiments share some important features. These species :

Infant humans tend to pass the mark and mirror test by the age of _____, while many chimpanzees pass it by the age of _____.

Which of the following aspects of language allows us to discuss objects and events that are not present?

Which of the following species has shown exceptional skill in multistep processes that involve harvesting of two different types of plants at different points in time?

The fact that Phoenix, the dolphin, understood that BALL FETCH BASKET means the opposite of BASKET FETCH BALL indicates that it acquired the _____ aspect of language.

What have been the general findings regarding attempted demonstrations of language learning in chimps and in dolphins? What is the overall conclusion regarding language learning in animals?

All of the chimps that were taught sign language seemed to pass the test of:

When making choices in the Monty Hall dilemma, humans tend to use _____ probability, whereas pigeons utilize _____ probability.

Which of the following is a topic studied under comparative cognition?

Dolphins are suitable subjects for artificial language training primarily because they:

Introduction

Research Methods

Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Introduction

Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

Extinction and Stimulus Control

Escape Avoidance and Punishment

Choice Matching and Self Control

Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

Biological Dispositions in Learning

Filters

Infant humans tend to pass the mark and mirror test by the age of _, while many chimpanzees pass it by the age of _.

When making choices in the Monty Hall dilemma, humans tend to use _ probability, whereas pigeons utilize _ probability.