Question 1

Define contagious behavior and stimulus enhancement, and give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

Contagious behavior refers to the spread of a behavior through social learning or imitation. This can occur when individuals observe and mimic the actions of others, leading to the behavior spreading within a group or community.

Stimulus enhancement, on the other hand, occurs when the presence of a particular stimulus or object increases the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring. This can happen when an individual is drawn to a certain object or location and engages in a behavior as a result.

An example of contagious behavior could be the spread of a new dance move or fashion trend within a group of friends. As one person starts to perform the dance move or wear a certain style of clothing, others in the group may imitate the behavior and it spreads throughout the social circle.

An example of stimulus enhancement could be a bird building a nest in a specific location because of the presence of other nests in the same area. The sight of existing nests may stimulate the bird to engage in nest-building behavior in that particular location.

Question 2

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  avoidance of guilty feelings 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  Both b and c are correct. 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  avoidance of guilty feelings 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  Both b and c are correct. D

Question 3

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the consequences of the model's behavior. 
B)  the consequences of the observer's behavior. 
C)  whether the observer identifies with the model. 
D)  whether the observer likes the model. 
A)  the consequences of the model's behavior. 
B)  the consequences of the observer's behavior. 
C)  whether the observer identifies with the model. 
D)  whether the observer likes the model. B

Question 4

Define true imitation. Provide evidence that show that some animals are capable of imitation.

Accepted Answer

True imitation is a form of social learn

Question 5

Which of the following statements represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Human behavior is typically the result of shaping. 
B)  Human verbal behavior has both advantages and disadvantages. 
C)  Psychosis is the result of unpredictable schedules of reinforcement. 
D)  Psychosis has a beneficial effect on sensitivity to reinforcement. 
A)  Human behavior is typically the result of shaping. 
B)  Human verbal behavior has both advantages and disadvantages. 
C)  Psychosis is the result of unpredictable schedules of reinforcement. 
D)  Psychosis has a beneficial effect on sensitivity to reinforcement.

Question 6

The extent to which we follow instructions depends largely on:

Accepted Answer

A)  the models we have been exposed to for learning instructions. 
B)  the consequences we have received for following instructions. 
C)  how verbally oriented we are. 
D)  our self-esteem. 
A)  the models we have been exposed to for learning instructions. 
B)  the consequences we have received for following instructions. 
C)  how verbally oriented we are. 
D)  our self-esteem.

Question 7

The tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  true imitation 
B)  generalized imitation 
C)  shaped imitation 
D)  stimulus enhancement 
A)  true imitation 
B)  generalized imitation 
C)  shaped imitation 
D)  stimulus enhancement

Question 8

A major difficulty with rule-governed behavior is that it is often insensitive to the actual _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A major difficulty with rule-governed behavior is...

Question 9

Which of the following steps in acquiring a new throw in judo illustrates contingency-shaped behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Watching others who are experts at that throw 
B)  Receiving instructions about the throw 
C)  Trying to perform the throw and seeing what happens 
D)  Forming a clear visual image of the throw. 
A)  Watching others who are experts at that throw 
B)  Receiving instructions about the throw 
C)  Trying to perform the throw and seeing what happens 
D)  Forming a clear visual image of the throw.

Question 10

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  selective sensitization 
C)  incubation 
D)  sensory preconditioning 
A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  selective sensitization 
C)  incubation 
D)  sensory preconditioning

Question 11

Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:

Accepted Answer

A)  as a form of commitment response. 
B)  as a type of CS. 
C)  as a type of US. 
D)  to induce various types of adjunctive behaviors. 
A)  as a form of commitment response. 
B)  as a type of CS. 
C)  as a type of US. 
D)  to induce various types of adjunctive behaviors.

Question 12

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  cathartic responses 
B)  vicarious emotional responses 
C)  covert emotional responses 
D)  reflexive emotions 
A)  cathartic responses 
B)  vicarious emotional responses 
C)  covert emotional responses 
D)  reflexive emotions

Question 13

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:

Accepted Answer

A)  smiles are often positively reinforced. 
B)  smiles are often negatively reinforced. 
C)  smiles are usually associated with pleasurable events. 
D)  smiles are usually associated with distressing events. 
A)  smiles are often positively reinforced. 
B)  smiles are often negatively reinforced. 
C)  smiles are usually associated with pleasurable events. 
D)  smiles are usually associated with distressing events.

Question 14

Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he:

Accepted Answer

A)  was subjected to errorless discrimination training. 
B)  was reinforced for violating rules. 
C)  was punished for violating rules. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct. 
A)  was subjected to errorless discrimination training. 
B)  was reinforced for violating rules. 
C)  was punished for violating rules. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 15

Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone else exhibited the same behavior is an example of _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone...

Question 16

A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if:

Accepted Answer

A)  the modeled behavior is reinforced. 
B)  an observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the modeled behavior. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct. 
A)  the modeled behavior is reinforced. 
B)  an observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the modeled behavior. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 17

A rule that includes a statement about how we should respond with respect to a contingency is called a(n) _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A rule that includes a statement about...

Question 18

The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  true imitation 
B)  vicarious learning 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  stimulus enhancement 
A)  true imitation 
B)  vicarious learning 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  stimulus enhancement

Question 19

Linda has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Miriam, to show her how to use it. Miriam shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game, which Linda immediately duplicates. In this scenario, Linda's behavior illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious imitation 
B)  stimulus enhancement 
C)  stimulus sensitization 
D)  true imitation 
A)  vicarious imitation 
B)  stimulus enhancement 
C)  stimulus sensitization 
D)  true imitation

Question 20

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious imitation 
B)  stimulus enhancement 
C)  stimulus sensitization 
D)  true imitation 
A)  vicarious imitation 
B)  stimulus enhancement 
C)  stimulus sensitization 
D)  true imitation

Define contagious behavior and stimulus enhancement, and give an example of each.

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is:

Define true imitation. Provide evidence that show that some animals are capable of imitation.

Which of the following statements represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

The extent to which we follow instructions depends largely on:

The tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so is called _____.

A major difficulty with rule-governed behavior is that it is often insensitive to the actual _________.

Which of the following steps in acquiring a new throw in judo illustrates contingency-shaped behavior?

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.

Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:

Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he:

Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone else exhibited the same behavior is an example of _________.

A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if:

A rule that includes a statement about how we should respond with respect to a contingency is called a(n) _________.

The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior.

Linda has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Miriam, to show her how to use it. Miriam shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game, which Linda immediately duplicates. In this scenario, Linda's behavior illustrates _____.

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.

Introduction

Research Methods

Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Introduction

Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

Extinction and Stimulus Control

Escape Avoidance and Punishment

Choice Matching and Self Control

Biological Dispositions in Learning

Comparative Cognition

Filters

Exam 11: Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

Define contagious behavior and stimulus enhancement, and give an example of each.

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is:

Define true imitation. Provide evidence that show that some animals are capable of imitation.

Which of the following statements represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

The extent to which we follow instructions depends largely on:

The tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so is called _____.

A major difficulty with rule-governed behavior is that it is often insensitive to the actual _________.

Which of the following steps in acquiring a new throw in judo illustrates contingency-shaped behavior?

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.

Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:

Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he:

Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone else exhibited the same behavior is an example of _________.

A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if:

A rule that includes a statement about how we should respond with respect to a contingency is called a(n) _________.

The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior.

Linda has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Miriam, to show her how to use it. Miriam shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game, which Linda immediately duplicates. In this scenario, Linda's behavior illustrates _____.

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.

Introduction

Research Methods

Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Introduction

Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

Extinction and Stimulus Control

Escape Avoidance and Punishment

Choice Matching and Self Control

Biological Dispositions in Learning

Comparative Cognition

Filters