Exam 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

In general, people make moral decisions based on principles.

According to evolutionary theory, it can be adaptive for people to help others who share their genes. This idea is known as ____.

In one well-known study on empathy, participants were required to watch a confederate ("Elaine")receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch her receive 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to Elaine's (similarity group), or that their values and interests were different from Elaine's (non-similarity group). After the first two trials were completed, participants were told that Elaine was unusually upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience related to electricity. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to switch places with Elaine. In this study, the 10-trial versus two-trial instruction was designed as a manipulation of ____, and the similar versus dissimilar information was designed to be a manipulation of ____.

Suppose that Paul and Oscar are buying frozen yogurt. Both of them are inclined to order the same flavor-pistachio-but they feel unadventurous about ordering the same flavor. If Oscar goes ahead and orders the pistachio for himself, then it is likely that Paul will ____.

In the prisoner's dilemma game, if you reciprocate your opponent's previous choice in each decision you make, you are employing the ________________ strategy.

Two ways to increase helping behavior are to educate others and ________________.

In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate receive 10 full trials of electric shocks. They were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate, or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. After the first two trials had been conducted, participants were then either given no escape (had to watch the full 10 trials)or easy escape (allowed to leave and not watch the full 10 trials). After the first two trials, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate, as she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that ____ agreed to switch places.

When each person in a group does his or her part, and together they work toward a common goal, the group is said to be ____.

Compared to people who do not have a strong belief in a just world, people who do have a strong belief in a just world are MORE likely to ____.

Based on Vohs et al.'s (2006)findings, wealthy people are ____.

Modeling helpful behavior can promote helping behavior equally well whether it is a live model or a televised model.

According to research, when will your employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?

McKelvey sees her cousin crying because she has lost a toy. She feels sad because her cousin feels sad. McKelvey is experiencing which emotional response?

In general, which of the following statements is FALSE?

During the hurricane and subsequent flooding in New Orleans several years ago, survivors reported that they were much more likely to search for displaced family members than for friends. This finding supports the idea of ____.

Research on forgiveness in relationships indicates that ____.

If a society has law, regardless of how well they are obeyed, it is said to be under the rule of law.

When confronted with moral dilemmas, most people rely on moral ____.

According to the textbook, the opposite of prosocial behavior is ____.

Equity and equality are two types of ____.