Exam 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

________________ helping occurs when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another.

Research has shown that many people will accept costs, as in a reduction of their own pay, in order to punish someone else who breaks the rules. This is known as ____ punishment.

The tendency for people to believe that the world is essentially a fair place-that people usually get what they deserve and deserve what they get-is known as ____.

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. He received a total of 117 cards in return, as well as several phone calls-despite the fact that he did not know any of these people. Kunz's findings provide good evidence of ____.

According to evolutionary theory on kin selection, monozygotic (identical)twins should help one another more than dizygotic (fraternal)twins.

Suppose that you are in a ship wreck and numerous people around you are drowning. No one present knows how to swim except for you. According to evolutionary theory, if you only had time to save one person, which of the following people would you save?

In general, people are more likely to help others who appear to be similar to them than others who appear to be different from them.

The notion that "feeling another's pain" motivates us to help others is called the ____.

Research on morality in relation to political orientation suggests that both liberals and conservatives value ____.

If Maria helps another person with the sole goal of increasing his or her welfare, and expects nothing from the other person in return, then she is said to be engaging in ____.

In general, when it comes to helping others, males tend to be more helpful than females in many situations. In which of the following situations are males probably NOT more helpful?

Star and Aisha are at a restaurant, and both of them are thinking about ordering a particular risotto plate. If Star goes ahead and orders the risotto, then Aisha will probably ____.

The text defines prosocial behavior as ____.

Compared to non-human animals, humans are most notably ____.

Before conducting his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram conducted a survey in which he asked a number of psychiatrists to predict what percentage of people would "go all the way" and administer the highest levels of shocks. The psychiatrists in his survey predicted that ____ would do so.

Explain the norms that humans use to determine fairness, and provide one example of each.

Feeling underbenefited tends to provoke feelings of ____, while feeling overbenefited tends to provoke feelings of ____.

Outline recent research concerning moral intuition and explain how it relates to earlier research on moral reasoning.

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. What happened?

Research on gender and helping indicates that ____