Exam 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course, Latent Trait, and Trajectory

__________________are a small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age and then continue to offend well into adulthood. For this group, the seeds of crime persistence are planted early in life and may combine the effects of abnormal traits, such as neurological deficits, with severe family dysfunction.

Life course theories are inherently integrated theories that suggest events taking place over the life course influence life choices.

Which cognitive framework helps people quickly process and sort through information?

The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:

The __________________ pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.

The General theory of crime fails to address ecological patterns in the crime rate.

The covert pathway involves aggressive acts that escalate from annoying others and bullying, to physical fighting, and later to violence.

A cluster of antisocial behaviors is referred to as __________.

Who developed the life course theory to offer separate explanations for persistent offenders and adolescent-limited offenders?

The concept of population heterogeneity assumes that the propensity of an individual to participate in antisocial and/or criminal behaviors is a relatively stable trait, unchanging over their life course.

Policy initiatives based on the premises of developmental theory tend to be _______ efforts designed to provide at-risk kids with personal, social, educational, and family services.

According to Sampson and Laub, _____ are the life events that alter the development of a criminal career.

The pathway of crime that begins at an early age, with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance, is known as the _____ pathway.

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to _______, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s.

According to Farrington, __________challenges control mechanisms but stops short of physical harm; for example, in such cases as vandalism, curfew violations, and unconventional sex.

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a(n):

What does research show to be a key factor in terms of the early onset of criminality?

Most life course theories posit that the seeds of a criminal career are planted:

In a critical 1990 article, David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood, and W. Alan Nicewander proposed the concept of _______ to explain the flow of crime over the life cycle.

The _________ pathway to crime begins with minor, underhanded behavior such as lying and shoplifting, which leads to property damage and later escalates to more serious forms of criminality.