Question 1

When using interval-ratio data, the distance between the scores is________.

Accepted Answer

A)  always two units . 
B)  unequal. 
C)  exactly defined. 
D)  not always clear. 
A)  always two units . 
B)  unequal. 
C)  exactly defined. 
D)  not always clear. C

Question 2

Which of the following can be treated as an interval-ratio variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social security number 
B)  Zip code 
C)  Age 
D)  Hair color 
A)  Social security number 
B)  Zip code 
C)  Age 
D)  Hair color C

Question 3

Some research situations are summarized below. For each situation, identify all variables and characterize them in terms of level of measurement and whether they are discrete or continuous. If applicable, identify which variables are dependent and which are independent. Explain your reasoning. What statistical application is being used? 
a. A group of one hundred students are asked for their High School and college GPAs. The GPAs are then compared to see if there is any relationship between them. 
b. A candidate for student body president telephones a randomly selected sample of students and asks about their opinion of the system used for course evaluation. Each student is asked if they strongly support, moderately support, or do not support the system. The candidate then uses this information to characterize the opinions of the entire student body. 
c. From what regions of the nation does the college football program recruit players? A researcher ascertains the hometowns of every member of the team for the past ten years. 
d. Which sport on campus has the players with the highest GPAs? The academic records of randomly selected samples of athletes from all sports are compared to answer this question. 
e. Is academic achievement associated with any "background" variables? Information on a sample of students is collected. The information includes GPA, age, sex, major, years of schooling completed by both parents, and marital status of the student.

Accepted Answer

a. In situation A, the variables are High School GPA and College GPA. Both of these variables are continuous and measured at the interval level. The High School GPA is the independent variable, and the College GPA is the dependent variable. The statistical application being used is a correlation analysis to determine if there is a relationship between the two GPAs.

b. In situation B, the variable is the opinion of the students on the course evaluation system, which is measured at the ordinal level as it has three categories: strongly support, moderately support, and do not support. This variable is discrete. The statistical application being used is inferential statistics to generalize the opinions of the entire student body based on the sample data.

c. In situation C, the variable is the hometowns of the college football players, which is measured at the nominal level and is discrete. There are no dependent or independent variables in this situation. The statistical application being used is descriptive statistics to summarize the recruitment patterns.

d. In situation D, the variable is the GPA of the players in different sports, which is continuous and measured at the interval level. There are no dependent or independent variables in this situation. The statistical application being used is comparative statistics to determine which sport has the players with the highest GPAs.

e. In situation E, the variables are GPA, age, sex, major, years of schooling completed by both parents, and marital status of the student. GPA is continuous and measured at the interval level, while age, years of schooling completed by both parents, and marital status are discrete and measured at the ordinal level. Sex and major are nominal and discrete. The dependent variable is academic achievement, and the independent variables are the background variables. The statistical application being used is regression analysis to determine the association between academic achievement and the background variables.

Question 4

A researcher wants to know if there is a relationship between region of birth and political party affiliation. She should calculate a________.

Accepted Answer

A)  univariate descriptive statistic like the mean. 
B)  qualitative measure of influence. 
C)  measure of association. 
D)  statistic that measures the non-relational differentiation between the two variables. 
A)  univariate descriptive statistic like the mean. 
B)  qualitative measure of influence. 
C)  measure of association. 
D)  statistic that measures the non-relational differentiation between the two variables.

Question 5

A hypothesis states, in part, that "income increases as education increases". In this statement, income is________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the dependent variable. 
B)  the independent variable. 
C)  the hypothetical variable. 
D)  the secondary variable. 
A)  the dependent variable. 
B)  the independent variable. 
C)  the hypothetical variable. 
D)  the secondary variable.

Question 6

In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement allows us to________.

Accepted Answer

A)  put cases in general categories . 
B)  measure the distance between high and low. 
C)  say that one case is more or less than another. 
D)  calculate meaningful averages of variables. 
A)  put cases in general categories . 
B)  measure the distance between high and low. 
C)  say that one case is more or less than another. 
D)  calculate meaningful averages of variables.

Question 7

Interval-ratio measurements can be all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  nominal . 
B)  continuous. 
C)  discrete. 
D)  observable. 
A)  nominal . 
B)  continuous. 
C)  discrete. 
D)  observable.

Question 8

Computation of a mean (or average) is completely justified when a variable is measured at which level?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interval-ratio 
B)  Ordinal 
C)  Nominal 
D)  Discrete 
A)  Interval-ratio 
B)  Ordinal 
C)  Nominal 
D)  Discrete

Question 9

"Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking". This statement is an example of the use of________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inferential statistics. 
B)  univariate descriptive statistics. 
C)  multivariate descriptive statistics. 
D)  inductive statistics. 
A)  inferential statistics. 
B)  univariate descriptive statistics. 
C)  multivariate descriptive statistics. 
D)  inductive statistics.

Question 10

Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it may be impossible to find all members of a certain population. 
B)  social scientists don't have the time or money to test an entire population. 
C)  some of the population might not cooperate. 
D)  samples are sometimes accurate representations of the population but can't always be used to generalize. 
A)  it may be impossible to find all members of a certain population. 
B)  social scientists don't have the time or money to test an entire population. 
C)  some of the population might not cooperate. 
D)  samples are sometimes accurate representations of the population but can't always be used to generalize.

Question 11

Inferential statistics are usually based on:________.

Accepted Answer

A)  populations. 
B)  samples. 
C)  individuals. 
D)  groups. 
A)  populations. 
B)  samples. 
C)  individuals. 
D)  groups.

Question 12

In social research the purpose of statistics is to________.

Accepted Answer

A)  prove that the research theory is correct. 
B)  validate the research project design. 
C)  manipulate and analyze data. 
D)  ensure acceptance by the scientific community. 
A)  prove that the research theory is correct. 
B)  validate the research project design. 
C)  manipulate and analyze data. 
D)  ensure acceptance by the scientific community.

Question 13

A survey administered to a sample drawn from a local community finds that a person's political party affiliation is related to whether or not the individual favors an increase in local sales tax (the headline of a newspaper story based on this poll reads: "Republicans support proposed tax increase"). This is an example of the use of________.

Accepted Answer

A)  univariate descriptive statistics. 
B)  inferential statistics. 
C)  multivariate descriptive statistics. 
D)  reductionist statistics. 
A)  univariate descriptive statistics. 
B)  inferential statistics. 
C)  multivariate descriptive statistics. 
D)  reductionist statistics.

Question 14

During which stage does the Wheel of Science begin for a researcher undertaking a new study?

Accepted Answer

A)  theory 
B)  hypotheses 
C)  observations 
D)  empirical generalizations 
A)  theory 
B)  hypotheses 
C)  observations 
D)  empirical generalizations

Question 15

A researcher has numbered all 50 states from 1 to 50 and has calculated a mean of 17.43 for the variable "state of birth."

Accepted Answer

A)  Since the variable is nominal, the mean makes no sense . 
B)  Since the variable is ordinal, we should treat the value of the mean with great caution. 
C)  The variable is interval-ratio and the mean is an appropriate and useful statistic in this case. 
D)  Since this variable is discrete, the mean should not be computed. 
A)  Since the variable is nominal, the mean makes no sense . 
B)  Since the variable is ordinal, we should treat the value of the mean with great caution. 
C)  The variable is interval-ratio and the mean is an appropriate and useful statistic in this case. 
D)  Since this variable is discrete, the mean should not be computed.

Question 16

Measures of association allow researchers to quantify the ________ of a relationship.

Accepted Answer

A)  strength 
B)  direction 
C)  strength and direction 
D)  causality 
A)  strength 
B)  direction 
C)  strength and direction 
D)  causality

Question 17

On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be __________ in level of measurement while the number of correct responses would be _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nominal, interval-ratio 
B)  interval-ratio, nominal 
C)  continuous, discrete 
D)  ordinal, nominal 
A)  nominal, interval-ratio 
B)  interval-ratio, nominal 
C)  continuous, discrete 
D)  ordinal, nominal

Question 18

In terms of the Wheel of Science, a hypothesis is derived from _________ and leads to ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  statistics, observation 
B)  theory, generalizations 
C)  observation, generalizations 
D)  theory, observation 
A)  statistics, observation 
B)  theory, generalizations 
C)  observation, generalizations 
D)  theory, observation

Question 19

Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with nominally measured variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  addition 
B)  subtraction 
C)  division 
D)  none of these choices are correct 
A)  addition 
B)  subtraction 
C)  division 
D)  none of these choices are correct

Question 20

Interval-ratio relationships can be all of the following except________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nominal . 
B)  continuous. 
C)  discrete. 
D)  observable. 
A)  nominal . 
B)  continuous. 
C)  discrete. 
D)  observable.

When using interval-ratio data, the distance between the scores is________.

Which of the following can be treated as an interval-ratio variable?

A researcher wants to know if there is a relationship between region of birth and political party affiliation. She should calculate a________.

A hypothesis states, in part, that "income increases as education increases". In this statement, income is________.

In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement allows us to________.

Interval-ratio measurements can be all of the following except:

Computation of a mean (or average) is completely justified when a variable is measured at which level?

"Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking". This statement is an example of the use of________.

Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because________.

Inferential statistics are usually based on:________.

In social research the purpose of statistics is to________.

During which stage does the Wheel of Science begin for a researcher undertaking a new study?

A researcher has numbered all 50 states from 1 to 50 and has calculated a mean of 17.43 for the variable "state of birth."

Measures of association allow researchers to quantify the ________ of a relationship.

On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be in level of measurement while the number of correct responses would be ___.

In terms of the Wheel of Science, a hypothesis is derived from _ and leads to ___.

Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with nominally measured variables?

Interval-ratio relationships can be all of the following except________.

Basic Descriptive Statistics Tables Percentages Rates and Ratios and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variation

The Normal Curve

Introduction to Inferential Statistics Sampling and the Sampling Distribution

Estimation Procedures

Hypothesis Testing I the One Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing Ii the Two Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing Iii the Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing Iv Chi Square

Bivariate Association for Nominal and Ordinal Level Variables

Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval Ratio Level

Elaborating Bivariate Tables

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

Exam 1: Introduction

When using interval-ratio data, the distance between the scores is________.

Which of the following can be treated as an interval-ratio variable?

A researcher wants to know if there is a relationship between region of birth and political party affiliation. She should calculate a________.

A hypothesis states, in part, that "income increases as education increases". In this statement, income is________.

In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement allows us to________.

Interval-ratio measurements can be all of the following except:

Computation of a mean (or average) is completely justified when a variable is measured at which level?

"Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking". This statement is an example of the use of________.

Inferential statistics are necessary in social research because________.

Inferential statistics are usually based on:________.

In social research the purpose of statistics is to________.

During which stage does the Wheel of Science begin for a researcher undertaking a new study?

A researcher has numbered all 50 states from 1 to 50 and has calculated a mean of 17.43 for the variable "state of birth."

Measures of association allow researchers to quantify the ________ of a relationship.

On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be __________ in level of measurement while the number of correct responses would be _____________.

In terms of the Wheel of Science, a hypothesis is derived from _________ and leads to ___________.

Which of the following mathematical operations are permitted with nominally measured variables?

Interval-ratio relationships can be all of the following except________.

Basic Descriptive Statistics Tables Percentages Rates and Ratios and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variation

The Normal Curve

Introduction to Inferential Statistics Sampling and the Sampling Distribution

Estimation Procedures

Hypothesis Testing I the One Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing Ii the Two Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing Iii the Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing Iv Chi Square

Bivariate Association for Nominal and Ordinal Level Variables

Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval Ratio Level

Elaborating Bivariate Tables

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

On a test, the numbers used to identify the questions would be in level of measurement while the number of correct responses would be ___.

In terms of the Wheel of Science, a hypothesis is derived from _ and leads to ___.