Question 1

Which statement is not true of hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are organic products. 
B)  They are secreted into the circulatory system. 
C)  They typically bind with cytokines to have a biological effect. 
D)  They interact with specific receptors. 
A)  They are organic products. 
B)  They are secreted into the circulatory system. 
C)  They typically bind with cytokines to have a biological effect. 
D)  They interact with specific receptors. C

Question 2

List three advantages and three disadvantages of using nonhuman animals in behavioral endocrinology research.

Accepted Answer

Advantages may include:
Continuity of behavior from one species to another through evolution
Simplest system with qualities of interest
More economical to develop methods on animals that may be useful for people
Ethical considerations (some manipulations are not permissible in humans)
Function of behavior often becomes clearer when viewed in a comparative manner
Places human system in perspective
Generalizations can be gained from animal models then tested in humans
Disadvantages may include:
Enormous species differences: behaviors may represent adaptations to very specific environments
Behavioral gap between animals and humans is great because of language & cultural evolution; to get the "cleanest" answers about simplest analyses, the less cognition, the better
Ethical considerations

Question 3

Describe how you might use an optogenetic approach to explore a question of interest in behavioral endocrinology. What are the advantages of using such an approach relative to more classical approaches such as lesions and pharmacology? What are the disadvantages?

Accepted Answer

Optogenetics is a powerful technique that involves the use of light to control the activity of specific neurons in the brain. In the context of behavioral endocrinology, optogenetics can be used to explore the role of specific hormone-sensitive neurons in regulating behavior. For example, researchers could use optogenetics to selectively activate or inhibit neurons that respond to hormones such as oxytocin or testosterone, and then observe the effects on behavior.

One advantage of using optogenetics in behavioral endocrinology is the ability to precisely target and manipulate specific neural circuits. This allows for a more precise and specific investigation of the role of hormone-sensitive neurons in behavior, compared to more classical approaches such as lesions or pharmacology. Additionally, optogenetics allows for the temporal control of neural activity, meaning that researchers can precisely control when and for how long specific neurons are activated or inhibited, providing a level of control that is not possible with other techniques.

However, there are also some disadvantages to using optogenetics. One potential limitation is the need for specialized equipment and expertise, which can make it more challenging for some researchers to adopt this technique. Additionally, optogenetic manipulations may not fully replicate the natural patterns of neural activity that occur in response to endogenous hormone release, which could limit the generalizability of findings.

In conclusion, optogenetics offers a powerful and precise approach to exploring questions in behavioral endocrinology by allowing for the specific manipulation of hormone-sensitive neurons. While there are some limitations to consider, the advantages of optogenetics in terms of precision and temporal control make it a valuable tool for investigating the neural basis of hormone-behavior interactions.

Question 4

Hormones are secreted

Accepted Answer

A)  by every cell in the body. 
B)  into the circulatory system by glands. 
C)  into the synaptic cleft by ducts. 
D)  only during prenatal development. 
A)  by every cell in the body. 
B)  into the circulatory system by glands. 
C)  into the synaptic cleft by ducts. 
D)  only during prenatal development.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between neural and hormonal communication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurotransmitters act on G-protein-coupled receptors and hormones do not. 
B)  Neurotransmitters affect target cells rapidly; hormone effects are typically slow. 
C)  All hormones and neurotransmitters are produced from cholesterol. 
D)  Neurotransmitters affect receptors, but hormones do not. 
A)  Neurotransmitters act on G-protein-coupled receptors and hormones do not. 
B)  Neurotransmitters affect target cells rapidly; hormone effects are typically slow. 
C)  All hormones and neurotransmitters are produced from cholesterol. 
D)  Neurotransmitters affect receptors, but hormones do not.

Question 6

Hormones may affect behavior by affecting any of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory systems. 
B)  gene expression. 
C)  neuronal development. 
D)  environmental stimuli. 
A)  sensory systems. 
B)  gene expression. 
C)  neuronal development. 
D)  environmental stimuli.

Question 7

Which of the following is the best evidence of hormone-behavior interactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  The behavior in question should fade away after the hypothalamus is removed. 
B)  Hormonally-dependent behavior ought to disappear when the source of the hormone is removed. 
C)  Removal of any hormone should have a behavioral effect. 
D)  After a hormonally-dependent behavior stops after the source of the hormone is removed, blocking the hormones receptors should reinstate the behavior. 
A)  The behavior in question should fade away after the hypothalamus is removed. 
B)  Hormonally-dependent behavior ought to disappear when the source of the hormone is removed. 
C)  Removal of any hormone should have a behavioral effect. 
D)  After a hormonally-dependent behavior stops after the source of the hormone is removed, blocking the hormones receptors should reinstate the behavior.

Question 8

One drawback of using electrolytic lesions in studies of hormones and behavior is that these lesions

Accepted Answer

A)  only temporarily eliminate brain areas. 
B)  only destroy fibers in the area being lesioned. 
C)  alter the hormonography of the hormoresponsive zone. 
D)  destroy both fibers and cell bodies in the lesioned area. 
A)  only temporarily eliminate brain areas. 
B)  only destroy fibers in the area being lesioned. 
C)  alter the hormonography of the hormoresponsive zone. 
D)  destroy both fibers and cell bodies in the lesioned area.

Question 9

SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1Briefly describe Berthold's experiment on roosters. What was the main finding?

Accepted Answer

In Berthold's experiment on roosters, he

Question 10

List two differences and one similarity between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Accepted Answer

Differences may include:
Hormones affect

Question 11

Hormone antagonists

Accepted Answer

A)  harm their targets. 
B)  mimic hormones and neurotransmitters. 
C)  block the action of hormones and neurotransmitters. 
D)  locate specific nucleic acids. 
A)  harm their targets. 
B)  mimic hormones and neurotransmitters. 
C)  block the action of hormones and neurotransmitters. 
D)  locate specific nucleic acids.

Question 12

Which technique requires antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Optogenetics 
B)  Autoradiography 
C)  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIS
A)  
D)  In situ hybridization 
A)  Optogenetics 
B)  Autoradiography 
C)  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIS
A)  
D)  In situ hybridization

Question 13

List six common techniques used in the study of behavioral endocrinology.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary. Examples of techniques

Question 14

What does an fMRI measure and how has it advanced the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology?

Accepted Answer

fMRI, or functional magnetic resonance i

Question 15

The primary difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is that

Accepted Answer

A)  hormones are peptides and neurotransmitters are amines. 
B)  neurotransmitters are smaller molecules than hormones. 
C)  neurotransmitters are secreted into the blood and hormones are secreted by glands. 
D)  hormones are secreted into the blood. 
A)  hormones are peptides and neurotransmitters are amines. 
B)  neurotransmitters are smaller molecules than hormones. 
C)  neurotransmitters are secreted into the blood and hormones are secreted by glands. 
D)  hormones are secreted into the blood.

Question 16

Which of the following terms does not refer to a genetically manipulated animal used in behavioral endocrinology research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capon 
B)  Knockout 
C)  Transgenic 
D)  Chimera 
A)  Capon 
B)  Knockout 
C)  Transgenic 
D)  Chimera

Question 17

The results of Berthold's famous study determined that

Accepted Answer

A)  roosters need adrenal glands. 
B)  the testes produced a substance that supported male traits, including behavior. 
C)  the testes need a neural connection to support male traits, including behavior. 
D)  roosters mate with multiple hens. 
A)  roosters need adrenal glands. 
B)  the testes produced a substance that supported male traits, including behavior. 
C)  the testes need a neural connection to support male traits, including behavior. 
D)  roosters mate with multiple hens.

Question 18

All of the following qualify as behavior, except

Accepted Answer

A)  A flock of geese flying in V formation 
B)  A child jumping rope 
C)  A bee collecting pollen 
D)  An endocrine gland releasing hormones 
A)  A flock of geese flying in V formation 
B)  A child jumping rope 
C)  A bee collecting pollen 
D)  An endocrine gland releasing hormones

Question 19

In lesion studies or studies of animals with specific genes deleted, behavioral tests study the effects of the missing brain region or the missing gene, respectively. Discuss how these conceptual shortcomings can be overcome in evaluating the results of studies using these types of procedures.

Accepted Answer

One way to overcome the conceptual short

Question 20

In pharmacological manipulations, agonists

Accepted Answer

A)  block the effects of hormones. 
B)  are always administered orally. 
C)  mimic the effects of hormones. 
D)  ablate hormone receptors. 
A)  block the effects of hormones. 
B)  are always administered orally. 
C)  mimic the effects of hormones. 
D)  ablate hormone receptors.

Which statement is not true of hormones?

List three advantages and three disadvantages of using nonhuman animals in behavioral endocrinology research.

Describe how you might use an optogenetic approach to explore a question of interest in behavioral endocrinology. What are the advantages of using such an approach relative to more classical approaches such as lesions and pharmacology? What are the disadvantages?

Hormones are secreted

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between neural and hormonal communication?

Hormones may affect behavior by affecting any of the following, except

Which of the following is the best evidence of hormone-behavior interactions?

One drawback of using electrolytic lesions in studies of hormones and behavior is that these lesions

SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1Briefly describe Berthold's experiment on roosters. What was the main finding?

List two differences and one similarity between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Hormone antagonists

Which technique requires antibodies?

List six common techniques used in the study of behavioral endocrinology.

What does an fMRI measure and how has it advanced the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology?

The primary difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is that

Which of the following terms does not refer to a genetically manipulated animal used in behavioral endocrinology research?

The results of Berthold's famous study determined that

All of the following qualify as behavior, except

In lesion studies or studies of animals with specific genes deleted, behavioral tests study the effects of the missing brain region or the missing gene, respectively. Discuss how these conceptual shortcomings can be overcome in evaluating the results of studies using these types of procedures.

In pharmacological manipulations, agonists

The Endocrine System

Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation

Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans

Male Reproductive Behavior

Female Reproductive Behavior

Parental Behavior

Hormones and Social Behavior

Homeostasis and Behavior

Biological Rhythms

Stress

Learning and Memory

Hormones and Affective Disorders

Filters

Exam 1: The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology

Which statement is not true of hormones?

List three advantages and three disadvantages of using nonhuman animals in behavioral endocrinology research.

Describe how you might use an optogenetic approach to explore a question of interest in behavioral endocrinology. What are the advantages of using such an approach relative to more classical approaches such as lesions and pharmacology? What are the disadvantages?

Hormones are secreted

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between neural and hormonal communication?

Hormones may affect behavior by affecting any of the following, except

Which of the following is the best evidence of hormone-behavior interactions?

One drawback of using electrolytic lesions in studies of hormones and behavior is that these lesions

SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1Briefly describe Berthold's experiment on roosters. What was the main finding?

List two differences and one similarity between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Hormone antagonists

Which technique requires antibodies?

List six common techniques used in the study of behavioral endocrinology.

What does an fMRI measure and how has it advanced the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology?

The primary difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is that

Which of the following terms does not refer to a genetically manipulated animal used in behavioral endocrinology research?

The results of Berthold's famous study determined that

All of the following qualify as behavior, except

In lesion studies or studies of animals with specific genes deleted, behavioral tests study the effects of the missing brain region or the missing gene, respectively. Discuss how these conceptual shortcomings can be overcome in evaluating the results of studies using these types of procedures.

In pharmacological manipulations, agonists

The Endocrine System

Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation

Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans

Male Reproductive Behavior

Female Reproductive Behavior

Parental Behavior

Hormones and Social Behavior

Homeostasis and Behavior

Biological Rhythms

Stress

Learning and Memory

Hormones and Affective Disorders

Filters