Question 1

Which of the following is true of experimental and mundane realism?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are equally important in an experiment. 
B)  Experimental realism is considered to be more important than mundane realism. 
C)  Mundane realism is considered to be more important than experimental realism. 
D)  Without mundane realism, experimental findings are meaningless. 
A)  They are equally important in an experiment. 
B)  Experimental realism is considered to be more important than mundane realism. 
C)  Mundane realism is considered to be more important than experimental realism. 
D)  Without mundane realism, experimental findings are meaningless. B

Question 2

Debriefing is generally viewed as an optional, albeit desirable feature of experiments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The most typical motives of experimental research participants are helping the experimenter and making a good impression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Which causal criterion is established in an experiment by tests of statistical significance?

Accepted Answer

A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness (elimination of rival explanations) 
A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness (elimination of rival explanations)

Question 5

Tests of statistical significance indicate whether differences among experimental conditions are likely to have occurred by chance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

What is a primary objective of debriefing?

Accepted Answer

A)  to pay participants and thank them for their participation 
B)  to make sure that participants were behaving naturally during the experiment 
C)  to inform participants about any deception and explain the true purpose of the experiment 
D)  to present the results of the experiment 
A)  to pay participants and thank them for their participation 
B)  to make sure that participants were behaving naturally during the experiment 
C)  to inform participants about any deception and explain the true purpose of the experiment 
D)  to present the results of the experiment

Question 7

If possible, the experimenter who manipulates the independent variable should not also administer the measure of the dependent variable because

Accepted Answer

A)  these two tasks require different talents, and few people are able to perform both adequately. 
B)  a single person performing both tasks decreases experimenter realism. 
C)  a single person performing both tasks decreases external validity. 
D)  a single person performing both tasks increases the likelihood of experimenter expectancy effects. 
A)  these two tasks require different talents, and few people are able to perform both adequately. 
B)  a single person performing both tasks decreases experimenter realism. 
C)  a single person performing both tasks decreases external validity. 
D)  a single person performing both tasks increases the likelihood of experimenter expectancy effects.

Question 8

In a double-blind experiments, participants are blind to (1) the hypothesis and to (2) the fact that they are participating in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In laboratory experiments,

Accepted Answer

A)  manipulation of the independent variable may have more than one meaning to subjects. 
B)  debriefing is an optional procedure when deception is used. 
C)  self-reports are generally preferred over behavioral measures of the dependent variable. 
D)  subjects often try to guess the hypothesis in order to sabotage the experiment. 
A)  manipulation of the independent variable may have more than one meaning to subjects. 
B)  debriefing is an optional procedure when deception is used. 
C)  self-reports are generally preferred over behavioral measures of the dependent variable. 
D)  subjects often try to guess the hypothesis in order to sabotage the experiment.

Question 10

Matching subjects on control variables in an experiment

Accepted Answer

A)  is just as effective in controlling for extraneous variables as is random assignment. 
B)  is easier to implement than random assignment. 
C)  may be used in conjunction with random assignment. 
D)  is intended to increase an experiment's external validity. 
A)  is just as effective in controlling for extraneous variables as is random assignment. 
B)  is easier to implement than random assignment. 
C)  may be used in conjunction with random assignment. 
D)  is intended to increase an experiment's external validity.

Question 11

According to research cited in the text, when subjects in an experiment perceived a conflict between "being a good subject" and "looking good" to the experimenter, they chose to

Accepted Answer

A)  be a "good subject." 
B)  confirm the experimenter's hypothesis as they perceived it. 
C)  "look good." 
D)  be rebellious and sabotage the experiment. 
A)  be a "good subject." 
B)  confirm the experimenter's hypothesis as they perceived it. 
C)  "look good." 
D)  be rebellious and sabotage the experiment.

Question 12

The units of analysis in experiments are always individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Typical of "impact experiments," Darley and Latane's epileptic seizure experiment, described in the text, was __________ in experimental realism and __________ in mundane realism.

Accepted Answer

A)  low; low 
B)  low; high 
C)  high; low 
D)  high; high 
A)  low; low 
B)  low; high 
C)  high; low 
D)  high; high

Question 14

The most distinctive feature of social scientific experiments is

Accepted Answer

A)  a laboratory setting. 
B)  the experimenter's control over events to which subjects are exposed. 
C)  the direct observation of behavior. 
D)  random sampling. 
A)  a laboratory setting. 
B)  the experimenter's control over events to which subjects are exposed. 
C)  the direct observation of behavior. 
D)  random sampling.

Question 15

Which of the following processes could not be used for the purpose of increasing the external validity of experimental results?

Accepted Answer

A)  probability sampling 
B)  random assignment 
C)  replication 
D)  sampling for heterogeneity 
A)  probability sampling 
B)  random assignment 
C)  replication 
D)  sampling for heterogeneity

Question 16

How does the manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment strengthen inferences about cause and effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  It eliminates the effects of most extraneous variables. 
B)  It establishes the time order of the events (or variables). 
C)  It proves that a causal relationship exists. 
D)  It determines that the observed association is nonspurious. 
A)  It eliminates the effects of most extraneous variables. 
B)  It establishes the time order of the events (or variables). 
C)  It proves that a causal relationship exists. 
D)  It determines that the observed association is nonspurious.

Question 17

What does it mean when the results of an experiment are statistically significant?

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of the dependent variable is valid. 
B)  manipulation of the independent variable is valid. 
C)  the independent variable is likely to have affected the dependent variable. 
D)  the results may be generalized to other sample populations. 
A)  measurement of the dependent variable is valid. 
B)  manipulation of the independent variable is valid. 
C)  the independent variable is likely to have affected the dependent variable. 
D)  the results may be generalized to other sample populations.

Question 18

Experiments are particularly susceptible to reactive measurement in the form of demand characteristics and experimenter effects. Explain how these effects can adversely affect the results of an experiment. How do experimenters attempt to control such effects?

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics refer to the cues

Question 19

The textbook likens the process of conducting an experiment to staging a play. Explain how each of the following parts of an experiment compares to the stages of producing a play: (a) designing the study, (b) recruiting research participants, and (c) pretesting.

Accepted Answer

(a) Designing the study is like writing

Question 20

Which causal criterion is supported in an experiment by treating participants in all experimental groups exactly alike except for the manipulation of the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness (elimination of rival explanations) 
A)  association 
B)  direction of influence 
C)  nonspuriousness (elimination of rival explanations)

Which of the following is true of experimental and mundane realism?

Debriefing is generally viewed as an optional, albeit desirable feature of experiments.

The most typical motives of experimental research participants are helping the experimenter and making a good impression.

Which causal criterion is established in an experiment by tests of statistical significance?

Tests of statistical significance indicate whether differences among experimental conditions are likely to have occurred by chance.

What is a primary objective of debriefing?

If possible, the experimenter who manipulates the independent variable should not also administer the measure of the dependent variable because

In a double-blind experiments, participants are blind to (1) the hypothesis and to (2) the fact that they are participating in an experiment.

In laboratory experiments,

Matching subjects on control variables in an experiment

According to research cited in the text, when subjects in an experiment perceived a conflict between "being a good subject" and "looking good" to the experimenter, they chose to

The units of analysis in experiments are always individuals.

Typical of "impact experiments," Darley and Latane's epileptic seizure experiment, described in the text, was in experimental realism and in mundane realism.

The most distinctive feature of social scientific experiments is

Which of the following processes could not be used for the purpose of increasing the external validity of experimental results?

How does the manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment strengthen inferences about cause and effect?

What does it mean when the results of an experiment are statistically significant?

Experiments are particularly susceptible to reactive measurement in the form of demand characteristics and experimenter effects. Explain how these effects can adversely affect the results of an experiment. How do experimenters attempt to control such effects?

The textbook likens the process of conducting an experiment to staging a play. Explain how each of the following parts of an experiment compares to the stages of producing a play: (a) designing the study, (b) recruiting research participants, and (c) pretesting.

Which causal criterion is supported in an experiment by treating participants in all experimental groups exactly alike except for the manipulation of the independent variable?

Introduction

The Nature of Science

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

Exam 7: Experimentation

Which of the following is true of experimental and mundane realism?

Debriefing is generally viewed as an optional, albeit desirable feature of experiments.

The most typical motives of experimental research participants are helping the experimenter and making a good impression.

Which causal criterion is established in an experiment by tests of statistical significance?

Tests of statistical significance indicate whether differences among experimental conditions are likely to have occurred by chance.

What is a primary objective of debriefing?

If possible, the experimenter who manipulates the independent variable should not also administer the measure of the dependent variable because

In a double-blind experiments, participants are blind to (1) the hypothesis and to (2) the fact that they are participating in an experiment.

In laboratory experiments,

Matching subjects on control variables in an experiment

According to research cited in the text, when subjects in an experiment perceived a conflict between "being a good subject" and "looking good" to the experimenter, they chose to

The units of analysis in experiments are always individuals.

Typical of "impact experiments," Darley and Latane's epileptic seizure experiment, described in the text, was __________ in experimental realism and __________ in mundane realism.

The most distinctive feature of social scientific experiments is

Which of the following processes could not be used for the purpose of increasing the external validity of experimental results?

How does the manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment strengthen inferences about cause and effect?

What does it mean when the results of an experiment are statistically significant?

Experiments are particularly susceptible to reactive measurement in the form of demand characteristics and experimenter effects. Explain how these effects can adversely affect the results of an experiment. How do experimenters attempt to control such effects?

The textbook likens the process of conducting an experiment to staging a play. Explain how each of the following parts of an experiment compares to the stages of producing a play: (a) designing the study, (b) recruiting research participants, and (c) pretesting.

Which causal criterion is supported in an experiment by treating participants in all experimental groups exactly alike except for the manipulation of the independent variable?

Introduction

The Nature of Science

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

Typical of "impact experiments," Darley and Latane's epileptic seizure experiment, described in the text, was in experimental realism and in mundane realism.