Question 1

Explanation and prediction in science involve different forms of logical reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

It is possible to have prediction without scientific understanding.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Theories provide a more general understanding than scientific laws.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

In a deductive argument the conclusion may be ___________, whereas in an inductive argument the conclusion is ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  true or false; more or less probable 
B)  valid; invalid 
C)  true or false; always true 
D)  valid or invalid; true or false 
A)  true or false; more or less probable 
B)  valid; invalid 
C)  true or false; always true 
D)  valid or invalid; true or false

Question 5

Which statement most accurately describes scientific knowledge or theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the best understanding that we have been able to produce thus far. 
B)  When perfected, it is a statement of what is ultimately real. 
C)  A theory is accepted as "scientific" when objective tests confirm its predictions. 
D)  Theory in a scientific discipline is essentially an inventory of the currently most accurate predictions. 
A)  It is the best understanding that we have been able to produce thus far. 
B)  When perfected, it is a statement of what is ultimately real. 
C)  A theory is accepted as "scientific" when objective tests confirm its predictions. 
D)  Theory in a scientific discipline is essentially an inventory of the currently most accurate predictions.

Question 6

The principal goal of science is to produce knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following sequences best describes the deductive logic of inquiry?

Accepted Answer

A)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
B)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
C)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
D)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data 
E)  empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
A)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
B)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
C)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
D)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data 
E)  empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory

Question 8

Science is best defined as a step-by-step method of data collection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Objectivity in science basically boils down to agreement among independent observers of the same event.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Several theories may account for the same empirical patterns.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The scientific process always begins with theory and ends with data.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What are the three epistemic assumptions of qualitative research that challenge the natural sciences model of social science? How do the textbook authors counter these challenges?

Accepted Answer

The three epistemic assumptions of quali

Question 13

According to the text, when students think of "scientists," they rarely think of

Accepted Answer

A)  chemistry and physics. 
B)  white lab coats and test tubes. 
C)  research activities. 
D)  the formulation of theory. 
A)  chemistry and physics. 
B)  white lab coats and test tubes. 
C)  research activities. 
D)  the formulation of theory.

Question 14

Scientific theories provide a sense of understanding by

Accepted Answer

A)  introducing a unique set of concepts. 
B)  making accurate predictions. 
C)  describing the causal process that connects events. 
D)  connecting one set of generalizations to another. 
A)  introducing a unique set of concepts. 
B)  making accurate predictions. 
C)  describing the causal process that connects events. 
D)  connecting one set of generalizations to another.

Question 15

To say that scientists follow principles of logical reasoning is to say that

Accepted Answer

A)  logical proof is the primary means of verifying hypotheses. 
B)  logic provides the criteria for evaluating scientific reasoning. 
C)  scientists use logical rules to infer theory from observations or data. 
D)  logic suggests how to test scientific theory. 
A)  logical proof is the primary means of verifying hypotheses. 
B)  logic provides the criteria for evaluating scientific reasoning. 
C)  scientists use logical rules to infer theory from observations or data. 
D)  logic suggests how to test scientific theory.

Question 16

The principles of empiricism, objectivity, and control

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in the social sciences but not in the natural sciences. 
B)  guide the collection and evaluation of scientific evidence. 
C)  are recent innovations in the scientific method. 
D)  complement intuition and revelation as ways of knowing in the social sciences. 
A)  are found in the social sciences but not in the natural sciences. 
B)  guide the collection and evaluation of scientific evidence. 
C)  are recent innovations in the scientific method. 
D)  complement intuition and revelation as ways of knowing in the social sciences.

Question 17

Scientists may adhere to major theories for long periods in the face of much contradictory evidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

According to the notion of empiricism, questions about the social world should be settled by resorting to

Accepted Answer

A)  rational reflection. 
B)  logical reasoning. 
C)  careful, public discussion. 
D)  direct or indirect observation. 
A)  rational reflection. 
B)  logical reasoning. 
C)  careful, public discussion. 
D)  direct or indirect observation.

Question 19

When Durkheim formulated his theory of egoistic suicide from several established facts he used __________ ; when he showed how his theory explained the facts he used __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning. 
B)  deductive reasoning; valid reasoning. 
C)  valid reasoning; deductive reasoning 
D)  inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning 
E)  valid reasoning; inductive reasoning 
A)  deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning. 
B)  deductive reasoning; valid reasoning. 
C)  valid reasoning; deductive reasoning 
D)  inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning 
E)  valid reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 20

Someone studying homelessness finds that the first four homeless people he examines are mentally ill. He therefore concludes that all homeless people are mentally ill. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive reasoning 
B)  inductive reasoning 
C)  neither deductive nor inductive reasoning 
D)  both deductive and inductive reasoning 
A)  deductive reasoning 
B)  inductive reasoning 
C)  neither deductive nor inductive reasoning 
D)  both deductive and inductive reasoning

Explanation and prediction in science involve different forms of logical reasoning.

It is possible to have prediction without scientific understanding.

Theories provide a more general understanding than scientific laws.

In a deductive argument the conclusion may be _, whereas in an inductive argument the conclusion is _.

Which statement most accurately describes scientific knowledge or theory?

The principal goal of science is to produce knowledge.

Which of the following sequences best describes the deductive logic of inquiry?

Science is best defined as a step-by-step method of data collection.

Objectivity in science basically boils down to agreement among independent observers of the same event.

Several theories may account for the same empirical patterns.

The scientific process always begins with theory and ends with data.

What are the three epistemic assumptions of qualitative research that challenge the natural sciences model of social science? How do the textbook authors counter these challenges?

According to the text, when students think of "scientists," they rarely think of

Scientific theories provide a sense of understanding by

To say that scientists follow principles of logical reasoning is to say that

The principles of empiricism, objectivity, and control

Scientists may adhere to major theories for long periods in the face of much contradictory evidence.

According to the notion of empiricism, questions about the social world should be settled by resorting to

When Durkheim formulated his theory of egoistic suicide from several established facts he used ; when he showed how his theory explained the facts he used .

Someone studying homelessness finds that the first four homeless people he examines are mentally ill. He therefore concludes that all homeless people are mentally ill. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Introduction

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

Exam 2: The Nature of Science

Explanation and prediction in science involve different forms of logical reasoning.

It is possible to have prediction without scientific understanding.

Theories provide a more general understanding than scientific laws.

In a deductive argument the conclusion may be ___________, whereas in an inductive argument the conclusion is ___________.

Which statement most accurately describes scientific knowledge or theory?

The principal goal of science is to produce knowledge.

Which of the following sequences best describes the deductive logic of inquiry?

Science is best defined as a step-by-step method of data collection.

Objectivity in science basically boils down to agreement among independent observers of the same event.

Several theories may account for the same empirical patterns.

The scientific process always begins with theory and ends with data.

What are the three epistemic assumptions of qualitative research that challenge the natural sciences model of social science? How do the textbook authors counter these challenges?

According to the text, when students think of "scientists," they rarely think of

Scientific theories provide a sense of understanding by

To say that scientists follow principles of logical reasoning is to say that

The principles of empiricism, objectivity, and control

Scientists may adhere to major theories for long periods in the face of much contradictory evidence.

According to the notion of empiricism, questions about the social world should be settled by resorting to

When Durkheim formulated his theory of egoistic suicide from several established facts he used __________ ; when he showed how his theory explained the facts he used __________.

Someone studying homelessness finds that the first four homeless people he examines are mentally ill. He therefore concludes that all homeless people are mentally ill. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Introduction

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

In a deductive argument the conclusion may be _, whereas in an inductive argument the conclusion is _.

When Durkheim formulated his theory of egoistic suicide from several established facts he used ; when he showed how his theory explained the facts he used .