Question 1

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social than in the natural sciences. 
B)  There is inevitably some degree of error in scientific prediction. 
C)  It is usually possible to eliminate the influence of personal values and biases in scientific work. 
D)  Some sociologists challenge the scientific conception of sociology and other social sciences. 
A)  Theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social than in the natural sciences. 
B)  There is inevitably some degree of error in scientific prediction. 
C)  It is usually possible to eliminate the influence of personal values and biases in scientific work. 
D)  Some sociologists challenge the scientific conception of sociology and other social sciences.

Question 2

What is the objective of logic or logical analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  to describe human thought processes 
B)  to facilitate creativity and imagination 
C)  to empirically validate scientific theory 
D)  to evaluate reasoning 
A)  to describe human thought processes 
B)  to facilitate creativity and imagination 
C)  to empirically validate scientific theory 
D)  to evaluate reasoning

Question 3

Which of the following is not a rule about language usage in science?

Accepted Answer

A)  One word, one concept. 
B)  Concepts must be linked to observable objects and events. 
C)  Concepts should stand the test of time. 
D)  Concepts should be judged by their usefulness. 
A)  One word, one concept. 
B)  Concepts must be linked to observable objects and events. 
C)  Concepts should stand the test of time. 
D)  Concepts should be judged by their usefulness.

Question 4

In valid deductive reasoning, if the evidence is true, the conclusion

Accepted Answer

A)  may be true or false. 
B)  may be strong or weak. 
C)  must be true. 
D)  depends on the variety of supporting evidence. 
A)  may be true or false. 
B)  may be strong or weak. 
C)  must be true. 
D)  depends on the variety of supporting evidence.

Question 5

The three key principles underlying scientific research are

Accepted Answer

A)  observation, theory, experiment. 
B)  prediction, experiment, serendipity. 
C)  empiricism, objectivity, control. 
D)  deduction, induction, generalization. 
A)  observation, theory, experiment. 
B)  prediction, experiment, serendipity. 
C)  empiricism, objectivity, control. 
D)  deduction, induction, generalization.

Question 6

Based on the "mental alienation" theory of suicide, Durkheim argued that groups with higher rates of insanity will have higher rates of suicide. Women have higher rates of insanity than men. Therefore, women have higher rates of suicide than men. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  deductive reasoning 
B)  inductive reasoning 
C)  neither deductive nor inductive reasoning 
D)  both deductive and inductive reasoning 
A)  deductive reasoning 
B)  inductive reasoning 
C)  neither deductive nor inductive reasoning 
D)  both deductive and inductive reasoning

Question 7

Theories must generate highly accurate predictions to be scientifically useful.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

In science, as in everyday language, it is acceptable for a concept to have multiple meanings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Why is Durkheim's study Suicide a model of social scientific inquiry, even today?

Accepted Answer

A)  It provided the first extensive quantitative analysis of suicide. 
B)  It presented the first truly scientific theory of suicide. 
C)  Virtually all of its predictions have been confirmed repeatedly by other investigators. 
D)  It showed how scientists use data to test theory and develop theories from data. 
A)  It provided the first extensive quantitative analysis of suicide. 
B)  It presented the first truly scientific theory of suicide. 
C)  Virtually all of its predictions have been confirmed repeatedly by other investigators. 
D)  It showed how scientists use data to test theory and develop theories from data.

Question 10

In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

A)  is not based on empirical evidence. 
B)  involves conclusions that are more or less probable. 
C)  is less descriptive of human thought processes. 
D)  moves from general principles to particular conclusions. 
E)  should be avoided in science whenever possible. 
A)  is not based on empirical evidence. 
B)  involves conclusions that are more or less probable. 
C)  is less descriptive of human thought processes. 
D)  moves from general principles to particular conclusions. 
E)  should be avoided in science whenever possible.

Question 11

Empirical evidence is observable to the researcher and others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

One "reality" of social scientific inquiry is that, in comparison with the natural sciences,

Accepted Answer

A)  theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social sciences. 
B)  personal values and biases have a greater impact because social scientists are more passionate about their work. 
C)  the social sciences are more likely to involve collaborative research. 
D)  the social sciences seldom use methods to control for error and bias. 
A)  theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social sciences. 
B)  personal values and biases have a greater impact because social scientists are more passionate about their work. 
C)  the social sciences are more likely to involve collaborative research. 
D)  the social sciences seldom use methods to control for error and bias.

Question 13

According to the text, both nomothetic and idiographic explanations have a place in social scientific inquiry.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Science involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Below is an outline of a flowchart illustrating the scientific process. Fill in the boxes and then indicate whether each arrow in the diagram represents the application of deductive or inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Below is an outline of a flowchart...

Question 16

Which of the following sequences best describes the inductive logic of inquiry?

Accepted Answer

A)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
B)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
C)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
D)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data 
E)  empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
A)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
B)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis 
C)  data F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory 
D)  theory F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 data 
E)  empirical pattern F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 hypothesis F1S1S1W1F1F1F10 theory

Question 17

According to the authors of your textbook, the natural sciences and social sciences

Accepted Answer

A)  have nothing in common. 
B)  share common philosophical and logical foundations. 
C)  differ primarily in how each defines the concept of "objectivity." 
D)  differ insofar as the natural sciences are based on empiricism, whereas the social sciences are not. 
A)  have nothing in common. 
B)  share common philosophical and logical foundations. 
C)  differ primarily in how each defines the concept of "objectivity." 
D)  differ insofar as the natural sciences are based on empiricism, whereas the social sciences are not.

Question 18

Freud's death wish is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  explanation without prediction. 
B)  prediction without explanation. 
C)  neither explanation nor prediction. 
D)  an objectively testable proposition. 
A)  explanation without prediction. 
B)  prediction without explanation. 
C)  neither explanation nor prediction. 
D)  an objectively testable proposition.

Question 19

Scientific knowledge is tentative and uncertain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Scientists engage in deductive reasoning when they

Accepted Answer

A)  show how a hypothesis follows from a theory. 
B)  infer empirical patterns from data. 
C)  formulate a theory to account for empirical patterns. 
D)  infer the validity of a theory from a set of data. 
A)  show how a hypothesis follows from a theory. 
B)  infer empirical patterns from data. 
C)  formulate a theory to account for empirical patterns. 
D)  infer the validity of a theory from a set of data.

Which of the following statements is false?

What is the objective of logic or logical analysis?

Which of the following is not a rule about language usage in science?

In valid deductive reasoning, if the evidence is true, the conclusion

The three key principles underlying scientific research are

Based on the "mental alienation" theory of suicide, Durkheim argued that groups with higher rates of insanity will have higher rates of suicide. Women have higher rates of insanity than men. Therefore, women have higher rates of suicide than men. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Theories must generate highly accurate predictions to be scientifically useful.

In science, as in everyday language, it is acceptable for a concept to have multiple meanings.

Why is Durkheim's study Suicide a model of social scientific inquiry, even today?

In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Empirical evidence is observable to the researcher and others.

One "reality" of social scientific inquiry is that, in comparison with the natural sciences,

According to the text, both nomothetic and idiographic explanations have a place in social scientific inquiry.

Science involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Below is an outline of a flowchart illustrating the scientific process. Fill in the boxes and then indicate whether each arrow in the diagram represents the application of deductive or inductive reasoning.

Which of the following sequences best describes the inductive logic of inquiry?

According to the authors of your textbook, the natural sciences and social sciences

Freud's death wish is an example of

Scientific knowledge is tentative and uncertain.

Scientists engage in deductive reasoning when they

Introduction

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters

Exam 2: The Nature of Science

Which of the following statements is false?

What is the objective of logic or logical analysis?

Which of the following is not a rule about language usage in science?

In valid deductive reasoning, if the evidence is true, the conclusion

The three key principles underlying scientific research are

Based on the "mental alienation" theory of suicide, Durkheim argued that groups with higher rates of insanity will have higher rates of suicide. Women have higher rates of insanity than men. Therefore, women have higher rates of suicide than men. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Theories must generate highly accurate predictions to be scientifically useful.

In science, as in everyday language, it is acceptable for a concept to have multiple meanings.

Why is Durkheim's study Suicide a model of social scientific inquiry, even today?

In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Empirical evidence is observable to the researcher and others.

One "reality" of social scientific inquiry is that, in comparison with the natural sciences,

According to the text, both nomothetic and idiographic explanations have a place in social scientific inquiry.

Science involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Below is an outline of a flowchart illustrating the scientific process. Fill in the boxes and then indicate whether each arrow in the diagram represents the application of deductive or inductive reasoning.

Which of the following sequences best describes the inductive logic of inquiry?

According to the authors of your textbook, the natural sciences and social sciences

Freud's death wish is an example of

Scientific knowledge is tentative and uncertain.

Scientists engage in deductive reasoning when they

Introduction

Research Ethics

Elements of Research Design

Measurement

Sampling

Experimentation

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Survey Instrumentation

Field Research

Research Using Available Data

Multiple Methods

Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Filters