Topic
Nursing
Study-set
Understanding Toxicology

Exam 18: The Cardiovascular System As Conduit for a Dose Becoming a Dosage: Exposure and Toxicities

Exam 1: Biological Research in Toxicology3 Questions

Exam 2: Development of the Field of Toxicology3 Questions

Exam 3: Toxicology Terms and How They Relate to Organisms8 Questions

Exam 4: Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Modeling9 Questions

Exam 5: Absorption and Transport of Toxicants Through Membranes: Toxic Damage to Membranes5 Questions

Exam 6: Receptor-Mediated Toxicities on the Outside of Cells4 Questions

Exam 7: Detoxication and Activation by Cells: Metabolism of the Original Toxicant9 Questions

Exam 8: Damage to Cytosolic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Activities6 Questions

Exam 9: Damage to Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Activities5 Questions

Exam 10: Damage to Nuclear Structuresdna: Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis7 Questions

Exam 11: Selective Genetic Sensitivity of Cells to Toxicants5 Questions

Exam 12: Nutritional Toxicity and Sensitivity7 Questions

Exam 13: Routes of Administration and Which Organs Are Most Likely Impacted Based on Route and Toxicokinetic Models8 Questions

Exam 14: Forensic Toxicity Testing4 Questions

Exam 15: The Skin and Eye: Most Likely Exposure Routes and Toxicities Due to Contact Exposure and Dose Toxicities4 Questions

Exam 16: Gastrointestinal System Toxicity and Oral Exposure Gi Tract, Pancreas, Liver7 Questions

Exam 17: The Lung and Gill Exposures Representing Toxic Concentrationsmodel for Environmental Toxicology4 Questions

Exam 18: The Cardiovascular System As Conduit for a Dose Becoming a Dosage: Exposure and Toxicities4 Questions

Exam 19: Bone Marrow and Immune Organ Toxicity Via Lymphatic and Blood Transport10 Questions

Exam 20: The Nervous System and Exposure to Lipophilic Toxicants or Transported Neurotoxic Agents5 Questions

Exam 21: Toxicity to Neuroendocrine Organs and Endocrine Disruption4 Questions

Exam 22: Toxicity to Reproductive Organs and Developmental Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 23: Excretion of Hydrophilic Toxicants and Metabolites and Kidney Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 24: Dispersion Modeling in Air, Water, and Soil: Likely Route of Exposure and Most Sensitive Organism Based on Dispersion and Concentration3 Questions

Exam 25: Agricultural Chemicals Pesticides and Fertilizers: Exposure and Impacts5 Questions

Exam 26: Industrial Chemicals That Biodegrade: Organic Chemical Exposures and Impacts5 Questions

Exam 27: Ndustrial Chemicals That Change Lipophilicity but Do Not Biodegrade: Metal Impacts4 Questions

Exam 28: Industrial Chemicals That Cause Atmospheric Changes and Direct Versus Indirect Toxicity: Gases, Vapors, Aerosols, and Radiation5 Questions

Exam 29: Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Ppcps Into Water2 Questions

Exam 30: Venoms and Injection Toxicity Versus Poisonous Animals or Cells and Ingestion or Contact Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 31: Poisonous Plants or Plant Cells and Ingestion or Contact Toxicity5 Questions

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What effect does cadmium have on the vasculature?

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Cadmium causes angiostatic chemotaxis inhibition and tube formation in vascular endothelium. This coupled to its hypertensive action through the kidney is problematic for the blood vessels.

Why is the heart so sensitive to potassium and calcium concentrations in the blood? Why do these change the ECG?

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The heart is polarized like other cells by the internal concentrations of potassium. Changes in potassium can lead to arrhythmias via hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia is more serious as it can lead to cardiac arrest. The heart is an interesting muscle in that its sarcoplasmic reticulum's release of calcium is dependent on external calcium. That is why the heart contractility and heart rate are both related to calcium.

Why does cardiomyopathy develop readily from exposure of the heart to cancer chemotherapy anthracyclines, ethanol, or the antiviral AZT?

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The heat is highly sensitive to oxidative agents. Its proximity to the lung and high content of mitochondria make this red organ dependent on oxygen (hypoxia generates ischemic injury).