Exam 11: Effect of Media on Knowledge, Information, and Perception of Social Issues

Like closely related diffusion theory, social marketing theory is practically oriented and essentially ________.

Microscopic level theories are concerned with how mass communication can bring about major changes in the social world.

When the amount of serious news coverage increases, knowledge gaps tend to increase.

Research that demonstrated a significant knowledge gap between American television news viewers and those in several other countries attributed that gap to _______.

One reason that audiences have a scarcity of opinion to choose from in the media, according to Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, is cumulation, the idea that news media tend to repeat stories and perspectives across their different individual programs or editions, across the different media themselves, and across time.

Shanto Iyengar and Donald Kinder's agenda-setting research identified the influence of priming, the idea that that dramatic news accounts undermined rather than increased television's agenda-setting power.

The ubiquity of smartphones has erased the digital divide.

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann argued identified three characteristics of the news media that produce a scarcity of points-of-view. One, _________, refers to the similarity of values held by journalists that influences the content they produce.

Information/innovation diffusion theory assigns a primary and significant role to mass media in spreading information and innovations.

When news outlets, in their quest for audience, rely on social media sharing and Internet search data to determine what stories to cover rather than rely on the editorial judgment of their editors and journalists, ___________ is said to occur.

Researchers have documented systematic differences in knowledge between better-informed and less informed segments of the population that can be attributed to the differing availability of news. This is referred to as the ______.

When Apple Computers cut the price of its popular iPhone to spur sales soon after the device's introduction, those who had already bought the phone, or the ___________, were angry.

Knowledge gap research has identified a constant gap; that is, the knowledge gap remains regardless of people's level of access to a growing number of news sources.

The OMA model of digital information use predicts that differences in opportunities, _______, and abilities to access that information will predict knowledge and political action.

One of the differences between agenda-setting and agenda-building is that the former is more ________ and the latter more ________ in its view of media effects.

A meta-analysis identifies important consistencies in previous research findings on a specific topic and systematically integrates them into a fuller understanding.

Social marketing theory recognizes contemplators, people who have prioritized an attitude, service, or behavior but must be confronted with a situation in which they are compelled to act.

Diffusion theory assumes that ___________ are most effective in spreading acceptance of innovations.

People remain silent about issues when they think prevailing opinion is against them because they fear isolation or separation from those around them.

Research indicates that spiral of silence is a face-to-face phenomenon; it does not operate in online environments.