Exam 18: New Patterns in New Worlds: Colonialism and Indigenous Responses in the Americas, 1500-1800

Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop.

The sale of most American colonial offices by the Spanish crown ultimately led to all but one of the following:

In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise.

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an Aztec slave who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________ who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs.

Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________.

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices.

The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was:

The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware.

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:

The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________ method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.

The overseas ministry in Lisbon encouraged the manufacture of ________ in Brazil in an effort to render the province independent from British imports.

In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor.

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century.

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until ________.

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China.

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources.

In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.