Question 1

In their self-control theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) differentiate between crime and criminality. Criminality is:

Accepted Answer

A)  None of the above 
B)  The act of force or fraud 
C)  The propensity to use force or fraud 
D)  The tendency to avoid force or fraud 
A)  None of the above 
B)  The act of force or fraud 
C)  The propensity to use force or fraud 
D)  The tendency to avoid force or fraud C

Question 2

What are Matza's five techniques of neutralization? How do these rationalizations of criminal and delinquent behavior justify the behavior to the offender?

Accepted Answer

Matza's five techniques of neutralization are a set of rationalizations used by individuals to justify their criminal or delinquent behavior. These techniques are:

1. Denial of responsibility: Offenders may claim that their actions were beyond their control or were the result of external factors, such as peer pressure or a difficult upbringing.

2. Denial of injury: Offenders may argue that their actions did not cause any real harm or that the victim deserved what they got.

3. Denial of the victim: Offenders may dehumanize or blame the victim, making it easier for them to justify their actions.

4. Condemnation of the condemners: Offenders may criticize those who disapprove of their behavior, claiming that they are hypocrites or have their own moral failings.

5. Appeal to higher loyalties: Offenders may argue that their actions were justified by a greater cause, such as loyalty to a group or the need to survive in a difficult environment.

These rationalizations serve to shift the blame away from the offender and minimize the seriousness of their actions. By using these techniques, individuals can maintain a positive self-image and avoid feelings of guilt or shame. This allows them to continue engaging in criminal or delinquent behavior without fully acknowledging the harm they are causing. Ultimately, these rationalizations serve to protect the offender's self-esteem and justify their behavior in their own eyes.

Question 3

Self-control theory assumes that there is an underlying propensity to engage in crime if people have low self-control.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Control theory has its roots in which discipline?

Accepted Answer

A)  Biology 
B)  Psychology 
C)  Ecology 
D)  Sociology 
A)  Biology 
B)  Psychology 
C)  Ecology 
D)  Sociology

Question 5

Why are delinquents and criminals not committing crime all the time? What prevents such behavior?

Accepted Answer

There are several factors that prevent d

Question 6

Jackson Toby (1957) coined the term "stakes in conformity" which are related to attachments to conventional society (e.g., legitimate jobs, prosocial people). This concept pertains to which theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Labeling 
B)  Control 
C)  Feminist 
D)  Integrated 
A)  Labeling 
B)  Control 
C)  Feminist 
D)  Integrated

Question 7

Self-control is obtained mainly through socialization/child rearing occurring within the family.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Parental training is one policy implication of self-control theory. Describe a parenting program that would support the development of self-control among children.

Accepted Answer

A parenting program that would support t

Question 9

What is a general theory of crime? What types of crimes does this theory attempt to explain? How is it different from other theories of crime, such as strain and learning theories?

Accepted Answer

A general theory of crime, also known as

Question 10

Is social control theory a good explanation of violent crimes? Describe a situation in which a violent crime would be committed or prevented using the tenets of social control theory.

Accepted Answer

Social control theory, developed by Trav

Question 11

Describe the evolution of control theory. How has the theory changed over time? What components have remained the same? Has the theory improved, or are the changes insignificant?

Accepted Answer

The evolution of control theory can be t

Question 12

There is a lot of empirical support for involvement in conventional activities component of social bond theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Hirschi found that social bond theory only applies to Whites.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Much support has been found for Hirschi's constructs attachment and commitment. Define and provide an example of attachment and commitment. Why are these two constructs stronger predictors of social control than involvement and belief?

Accepted Answer

Attachment and commitment are two key co

Question 15

Control theories (i.e., social control and self-control) have the following assumption about human nature:

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans are innately self-interested 
B)  Humans are innately good 
C)  Humans are a blank slate 
D)  Humans have free will 
A)  Humans are innately self-interested 
B)  Humans are innately good 
C)  Humans are a blank slate 
D)  Humans have free will

Question 16

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) developed self-control theory. This theory supports the notion that people with:

Accepted Answer

A)  Fewer social bonds will be more likely to engage in crime 
B)  Low self-control will be more likely to engage in crime 
C)  High self-control will be more likely to engage in crime 
D)  A lot of social bonds will be more likely to engage in crime 
A)  Fewer social bonds will be more likely to engage in crime 
B)  Low self-control will be more likely to engage in crime 
C)  High self-control will be more likely to engage in crime 
D)  A lot of social bonds will be more likely to engage in crime

Question 17

Matza believes delinquents are mostly law-abiding. When they engage in criminal behaviors, they are engaging in:

Accepted Answer

A)  Drift 
B)  Differentiation 
C)  Compulsive behavior 
D)  Commitment 
A)  Drift 
B)  Differentiation 
C)  Compulsive behavior 
D)  Commitment

Question 18

Control theories ask the following question:

Accepted Answer

A)  Who implements the laws that determine what is/is not a crime? 
B)  Why don't people engage in crime? 
C)  Why do people engage in crime? 
D)  Why are criminals sanctioned? 
A)  Who implements the laws that determine what is/is not a crime? 
B)  Why don't people engage in crime? 
C)  Why do people engage in crime? 
D)  Why are criminals sanctioned?

Question 19

Persons with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive, physical, and risk-takers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Later in his career Hirschi moved away from social control and embraced self-control. How are these two theories different? How are they alike? Which one has stronger empirical support? Describe the research findings for this theory.

Accepted Answer

The social control theory, developed by

In their self-control theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) differentiate between crime and criminality. Criminality is:

What are Matza's five techniques of neutralization? How do these rationalizations of criminal and delinquent behavior justify the behavior to the offender?

Self-control theory assumes that there is an underlying propensity to engage in crime if people have low self-control.

Control theory has its roots in which discipline?

Why are delinquents and criminals not committing crime all the time? What prevents such behavior?

Jackson Toby (1957) coined the term "stakes in conformity" which are related to attachments to conventional society (e.g., legitimate jobs, prosocial people). This concept pertains to which theory?

Self-control is obtained mainly through socialization/child rearing occurring within the family.

Parental training is one policy implication of self-control theory. Describe a parenting program that would support the development of self-control among children.

What is a general theory of crime? What types of crimes does this theory attempt to explain? How is it different from other theories of crime, such as strain and learning theories?

Is social control theory a good explanation of violent crimes? Describe a situation in which a violent crime would be committed or prevented using the tenets of social control theory.

Describe the evolution of control theory. How has the theory changed over time? What components have remained the same? Has the theory improved, or are the changes insignificant?

There is a lot of empirical support for involvement in conventional activities component of social bond theory.

Hirschi found that social bond theory only applies to Whites.

Much support has been found for Hirschi's constructs attachment and commitment. Define and provide an example of attachment and commitment. Why are these two constructs stronger predictors of social control than involvement and belief?

Control theories (i.e., social control and self-control) have the following assumption about human nature:

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) developed self-control theory. This theory supports the notion that people with:

Matza believes delinquents are mostly law-abiding. When they engage in criminal behaviors, they are engaging in:

Control theories ask the following question:

Persons with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive, physical, and risk-takers.

Later in his career Hirschi moved away from social control and embraced self-control. How are these two theories different? How are they alike? Which one has stronger empirical support? Describe the research findings for this theory.

Theory and Crime

Theory and Policy in Context

Classical Criminology

Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior

Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior

Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization

Strain Theories

Neighborhoods and Crime

Learning Theories

Conflict Criminology

Marxist, Postmodern, and Green Criminology

Gender and Crime

Developmental and Life-Course Theories

Integrated Theories

Filters

Exam 10: Control Theories

In their self-control theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) differentiate between crime and criminality. Criminality is:

What are Matza's five techniques of neutralization? How do these rationalizations of criminal and delinquent behavior justify the behavior to the offender?

Self-control theory assumes that there is an underlying propensity to engage in crime if people have low self-control.

Control theory has its roots in which discipline?

Why are delinquents and criminals not committing crime all the time? What prevents such behavior?

Jackson Toby (1957) coined the term "stakes in conformity" which are related to attachments to conventional society (e.g., legitimate jobs, prosocial people). This concept pertains to which theory?

Self-control is obtained mainly through socialization/child rearing occurring within the family.

Parental training is one policy implication of self-control theory. Describe a parenting program that would support the development of self-control among children.

What is a general theory of crime? What types of crimes does this theory attempt to explain? How is it different from other theories of crime, such as strain and learning theories?

Is social control theory a good explanation of violent crimes? Describe a situation in which a violent crime would be committed or prevented using the tenets of social control theory.

Describe the evolution of control theory. How has the theory changed over time? What components have remained the same? Has the theory improved, or are the changes insignificant?

There is a lot of empirical support for involvement in conventional activities component of social bond theory.

Hirschi found that social bond theory only applies to Whites.

Much support has been found for Hirschi's constructs attachment and commitment. Define and provide an example of attachment and commitment. Why are these two constructs stronger predictors of social control than involvement and belief?

Control theories (i.e., social control and self-control) have the following assumption about human nature:

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) developed self-control theory. This theory supports the notion that people with:

Matza believes delinquents are mostly law-abiding. When they engage in criminal behaviors, they are engaging in:

Control theories ask the following question:

Persons with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive, physical, and risk-takers.

Later in his career Hirschi moved away from social control and embraced self-control. How are these two theories different? How are they alike? Which one has stronger empirical support? Describe the research findings for this theory.

Theory and Crime

Theory and Policy in Context

Classical Criminology

Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior

Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior

Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization

Strain Theories

Neighborhoods and Crime

Learning Theories

Conflict Criminology

Marxist, Postmodern, and Green Criminology

Gender and Crime

Developmental and Life-Course Theories

Integrated Theories

Filters