Exam 7: Learning

The law of effect states that for any organism, those behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in" while those behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are "stamped out."

If behavior is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule, the animal is unsure of how many times it must respond for reinforcement to take place.

In subsequent experiments by Bandura and his team, using films of adults acting violently, the children were able to watch the adults

According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961), it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory "piggy bank." However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because

In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)

Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best

When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called

Describe the four components of Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment: the two stimuli and two responses. In your answer, describe how a conditioned response is acquired, how it might generalize to other stimuli, and how it might be discriminant. Also, discuss real examples of spontaneous recovery and renewal.

Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug.

The next time you see a dog after being attacked by one, your capacity for ______________ tells you, "Hmmm … maybe I'd better cross to the other side of the street" instead of, "No problem, this is a different breed."

This reinforcement schedule is the logic behind factory piecework, where workers are paid by the number of items produced rather than the number of hours worked.

According to the general process view of classical conditioning, organisms are biologically prepared to form certain associations, but not to form other associations.

If your professor ended certain class days by sounding a bullhorn and then offering sweet-smelling cookies to the class, you would start to salivate to the sound of the bullhorn. If on other days, your professor ended class by ringing a hand bell, and not offering cookies, you would not salivate to the sound of the hand bell. The aspect of classical conditioning responsible for that phenomenon is

Because you associate your server at a restaurant with food, you may start to salivate when you see your server carrying your food over to you. The server is thus a(n)

Which of the following was NOT a condition in the Tolman and Honzik (1930) study of latent learning in rats?

Observing and _________________ the behavior of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because it facilitates empathy.

Research comparing people with cocaine dependence and non-cocaine users revealed that when the cocaine users watched a video of a person preparing cocaine for use, they showed more activation in this area of the brain than did the non-users.

Edward Tolman was a behaviorist, but, unlike Skinner, he believed that it would be possible to use scientific methods to study

Thorndike's puzzle box was designed so that the pellets would automatically be delivered to the animal when it pressed down on a lever located near the food tray.

When psychologists refer to learning as the acquisition of knowledge of a new fact, they are talking about this type of knowledge.