Exam 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction

Historically,the most common master statuses for women have been related to positions in:

The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience is referred to as the:

While Eric is working in the fast-food restaurant,he does not want people to think of him as a "loser in a dead-end job." He wants them to view him as a college student who is working there just to "pick up a few bucks" until he graduates.When customers from the college come in,Eric talks to them about college-related topics rather than fast-food.In this scenario,Eric is engaging in:

Describe groups and differentiate between primary and secondary groups as components of social structure.

According to Durkheim,social interaction in industrial societies is less personal,more status-oriented,and more focused on specific goals and objectives.This type of interaction is referred to as:

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term,__________,refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

Define hunting and gathering societies,horticultural societies,agrarian societies,industrial societies,and postindustrial societies.

Describe ethnomethodology and note its strengths.

The technology in __________ involves limited tools and weapons that are used for basic subsistence,including spears,bows and arrows,nets,traps for hunting,and digging sticks for plant collecting.All tools and weapons are made of natural materials such as stone,bone,and wood.

__________ is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

Family,economy,education,religion,and mass media are all examples of social institutions.

In a participant observation study of domestic (household) workers and their employers,sociologist Judith Rollins found that domestics were expected to show __________ by averting their eyes when they talked to their employers and by standing less erect and walking tentatively.

To determine who you are,you must think about your social identity,which is derived from the statuses you occupy.A(n) __________ is comprised of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

Sociologist Erving Goffman suggested that deference is how we behave or conduct ourselves and that it is relative to social power.People in positions of dominance are allowed a wider range of permissible actions than are their subordinates.

According to the text's discussion of roles:

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' perspective,most people in __________ societies are "strangers" who perceive that they have very little in common with most people.Consequently,self-interest dominates and little consensus exists regarding values.

In relation to social interaction (the microlevel perspective),discuss sociologist Harold Garfinkel's ethnomethodology approach.

Compare sociologist Emile Durkheim's typology of mechanical and organic solidarity with sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft societies.

In __________ societies,social inequality is the highest of all preindustrial societies in terms of both class and gender.The two major classes are the landlords and the peasants.The landlords own the fields and the harvests are produced by the peasants.

Our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we initially define situations.In other words,we act on reality as we see it.This concept is referred to as the: