Exam 48: Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Use the following information to answer the next few questions. The baseball career of Lou Gehrig,a first baseman for the New York Yankees,ended once he became afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).This disease causes the degeneration of motor neurons in the CNS,leading to rapidly progressive weakness,muscle spasticity,and atrophy.Research into the disease has shown that individuals with ALS have higher levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in their serum and spinal fluid when compared to normal individuals. -Riluzole,an approved drug for ALS,blocks glutamate transporters,which inhibits the activation of

Opening all of the sodium channels,with all other ion channels closed-which is an admittedly artificial setting-on an otherwise typical neuron should move its membrane potential to

The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to which of the following?

A simple nervous system

What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes?

Use the following information to answer the next few questions. Over the course of a year,you notice that you are more frequently losing your balance,are unable to keep your train of thought,and occasionally have double vision.After visiting several specialists,you are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS),the hardening and ultimate loss of the myelin sheath which insulates axons. -Neurons and support cells in the CNS have a limited ability to repair themselves; however,those of the PNS have a higher capacity for reparation.To slow or inhibit the breakdown of the myelin sheath,which type of cell could remyelinate the neurons?

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

An example of ligand-gated ion channels is

For the following questions,refer to the graph of an action potential. -The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label

Upon pricking your finger with a pin,which of the following variables change during the conduction of the produced action potential?

Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others.Thus,any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to

For the following questions,refer to the graph of an action potential. -The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the