Exam 5: Principles of Epidemiology

Differentiate among the methods of collecting food consumption data at the national,household,and individual levels.

In the 1990s epidemiological studies established that women could reduce their risk of bearing a child with a neural tube birth defect by increasing their intake of folic acid.

_____ refers to the fraction or proportion of a group having a disease or condition at a specific time.

What is the main difference between a retrospective and prospective cohort study?

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems is known as

The day-to-day variation in an individual's nutrient intake is called within-person variation.

A single 24-hour dietary recall

In epidemiological studies,when should the hypotheses be formulated?

Food consumed away from the home is an example of food consumption data at the _____ level.

A randomized trial conducted as a double-blind experiment is the most rigorous evaluation of a dietary hypothesis.

In the Seven Countries Study,subjects from Finland reported the lowest percentage of calories from saturated fat,but had the highest serum cholesterol levels.

_____ studies examine the relationships among dietary intake,diseases,and other variables as they exist in a population at a particular time.

Figures pertaining to life events,such as births,deaths,and marriages,are known as

Explain why the day-to-day variation in an individual's nutrient intake can have important implications for nutritional epidemiologic studies.

Explain how the complexity of our diets creates challenges in studying the relationship of diet to disease.

The _____ method of assessing intake is time consuming,and the results may not be accurate if subjects modify their eating habits during the time of the study.

It is unrealistic to expect total agreement among the results of epidemiological or clinical studies due to genetic,environmental,and/or social factors.

Today,nutritional epidemiology is primarily concerned with major,chronic diseases associated with the Western diet.

What is the most typical way in which epidemiologists work toward controlling and preventing health problems?

List 8 different risk factors of heart disease,noting which are risk factors that can be controlled.