Exam 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories

The sequential research design combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons.

A limitation of longitudinal research is that it does not permit inferences about age-related changes over time.

_______, or surveys, are sets of questions, typically multiple choice, that scientists compile and use to collect data from large samples of people.

When conducting research with younger children, Dr. Willard seeks ____, which is the child's agreement to participate.

At the center of the bioecological model is the _____.

Following a stroke that affected his balance and muscle strength, Jose participated in three months of physical therapy. Today, Jose feels as strong as he did before the stroke and walks at least ten miles a week for exercise. Jose's ability to overcome his physical limitations after his stroke is an example of:

Scientists generate _____, or proposed explanations for a given phenomenon, that can be tested by research.

Critics have argued that Vygotsky's theory places too little emphasis on:

In experimental research, the independent variable is manipulated or varied systematically during the study.

Erikson expanded upon Freud's theory and proposed ____ stages of psychosocial development that include changes in how people understand and interact with others, as well as changes in how they understand themselves and their roles as members of society.

The beliefs, values, customs, and skills of a group are referred to as ______.

The _______ research design compares groups of people at different ages, at one time.

Researchers in lifespan development recognize that development is multidimensional. List three areas of development that illustrate this concept. How do these areas relate to one another?

Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development:

In scientific research, interviews and questionnaires are types of self-report measures.

Baby Li is participating in a research study in which his physical growth is measured once a day. Li's parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. This example supports the assertion that physical growth is:

Investigators use the _______ research design when studying the same group of participants at many points in time.

The United States is the only country in the world that regulates the conduct of research through institutional review boards (IRBs).

Researchers agree that development ends in adulthood.

Explanations that rely on ______ indicate that inborn genetic endowments or heredity, maturational processes, and evolution are causes of developmental change. In contrast, explanations that point to ______ suggest that individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are raised.