Exam 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories

Ten-month-old Tauji is a happy, laid-back baby. He often smiles and laughs and is rarely cranky unless he is hungry or tired. Due to his easy temperament, Tauji's parents and other adults enjoy interacting with him. He receives frequent hugs and kisses which, in turn, results in more positive interactions. The interaction between Tauji's behavior and the supportive environment in which he is being raised is an example of:

Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara's behavior was shaped through:

A _____ is a way of organizing a set of observations or facts into comprehensive explanations of how something works.

In each of Erikson's psychosocial stages, an individual faces a(n) ______ that must be resolved.

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, your family, peers, and school represent your:

At preschool, Jace frequently watches Keagan hit other children and take their toys. Jace notices that each time Keagan engages in this behavior, the teacher makes him give the toy back and sit in a time out. Because Jace does not want to get in trouble with his teacher, he patiently waits his turn for toys. Jace is demonstrating the concept of:

Dr. Yang studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. Dr. Yang is interested in _____ development.

______, which emerged as an alternative to psychoanalytic theories, focuses only on behavior that can be observed and objectively verified.

______ research permits researchers to examine relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events.

As baby Sanjay's physical development improves, he is able to crawl around and explore his environment. This advances his cognitive development, as he learns about the size and shape of objects, as well as how they function. His newfound crawling skills also contribute to changes in Sanjay's psychosocial development. For example, he may experience anger when he picks up a breakable object, only to have one of his parents take it away. In addition, Sanjay experiences happiness when his parents encourage his motor efforts and frustration when they remove him from an unsafe area, such as the stairs. This example shows that the three areas of development ________.

Farrah is taking a child development course in which she must practice conducting naturalistic observations. Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation?

An important strength of correlational research is that it allows researchers to determine if one variable causes changes in another variable.

According to research, which individual will likely show the greatest amount of plasticity following a brain injury?

Travis has worked for the same company for almost ten years. He dislikes his boss, often works overtime without pay, and sees little opportunity for advancement. Travis's work stress has started to affect his personal life. He frequently argues with his wife and has little patience for his 2-year-old son. Travis is easily irritated when his son whines or makes a mess, which creates even more stress in the household. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the influence of Travis's work stress on his son's development falls within the _____.

When conducting research, scientists must balance ______ against the ______.

When conducting a naturalistic observation, one must first decide on:

Allison is approaching her 60th birthday. She realizes that her eyesight and hearing are not as good as they used to be, and when visiting her daughter in graduate school, climbing the stairs to the fourth floor has become more difficult. However, Allison has also become more patient over the years, is better at solving difficult problems, and has a more confident and favorable view of herself than she had in her 20s and 30s. This example shows that development is _____.

In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, cultural values, legal and political practices, and other elements of the society at large fall within the ______.

List the nine life stages of human development.

When conducting research, investigators are responsible only to their participants, not to society at large.