Question 1

Explain how a cumulative graph is constructed.

Accepted Answer

In a cumulative graph, successive data points are always connected (with some exceptions) and can never go lower on the vertical axis than the last value.

Question 2

List the 4 issues to consider when scaling axes on a graph.

Accepted Answer

1: consider the horizontal axis, and decide what unit of time is most appropriate; 2: consider if time on horizontal axis is continuous or discontinuous; 3: consider both vertical and horizontal axes and how to space intervals; 4: consider vertical axis and make sure the range provides a fair and meaningful interpretation - avoid problematic scale breaks

Question 3

When is it appropriate to discard data?

Accepted Answer

What qualifies data for being discarded is that some aspect of their measurement was unacceptable or they were collected in the presence of unacceptable variables.

Question 4

When could problems arise when interpreting line graphs?

Accepted Answer

Problems arise when multiple data sets a

Question 5

When displaying time on the horizontal axis, why is it important to represent time continuously?

Accepted Answer

A)  Representing time in a discontinuous manner can hide variability in the data 
B)  Displaying time continuously allows the investigator to save space on the axis 
C)  By depicting time in a continuous manner, the researcher decreases the likelihood that the data will be influenced by extraneous variables 
D)  Displaying a continuous measure of time increases the likelihood that the data are reliable 
A)  Representing time in a discontinuous manner can hide variability in the data 
B)  Displaying time continuously allows the investigator to save space on the axis 
C)  By depicting time in a continuous manner, the researcher decreases the likelihood that the data will be influenced by extraneous variables 
D)  Displaying a continuous measure of time increases the likelihood that the data are reliable

Question 6

What makes the cumulative recorder valuable is not so much the cumulative picture it creates but the fact that it locates individual responses on a horizontal axis representing ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  count 
B)  time 
C)  percent of scored intervals 
D)  celeration 
A)  count 
B)  time 
C)  percent of scored intervals 
D)  celeration

Question 7

When data contain one or two outliers, the investigator should do what to the vertical axis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insert a break in the vertical axis to accommodate those data points and not have to compress the scale for the remaining values 
B)  Select values that will display the majority of the data points and then include a note that tells the observer about the outliers 
C)  Discard the outliers and place the remaining data in the graph 
D)  Change the values on the vertical axis to accommodate the outliers and keep them in the correct spatial relation to the remaining values 
A)  Insert a break in the vertical axis to accommodate those data points and not have to compress the scale for the remaining values 
B)  Select values that will display the majority of the data points and then include a note that tells the observer about the outliers 
C)  Discard the outliers and place the remaining data in the graph 
D)  Change the values on the vertical axis to accommodate the outliers and keep them in the correct spatial relation to the remaining values

Question 8

When attempting to determine which calculations or kinds of graphs might highlight suspected features, one can look at the ______ and ______ of responding as each phase unfolds.

Accepted Answer

A)  Variability; reliability 
B)  Accuracy; believability 
C)  Believability; validity 
D)  Ebb; flow 
A)  Variability; reliability 
B)  Accuracy; believability 
C)  Believability; validity 
D)  Ebb; flow

Question 9

Explain how two different graphical analyses of the same data set could produce two different interpretations or conclusions about the data.

Accepted Answer

There are numerous ways to manipulate an

Question 10

The rule for whether you draw a line connecting a Tuesday data point to a Thursday data point when there was no observation on Wednesday is: if the behavior could have occurred but was not observed ______ the data points. If the behavior could not have occurred ______ the data points:

Accepted Answer

A)  connect; do not connect 
B)  connect; connect 
C)  do not connect; connect 
D)  do not connect; do not connect 
A)  connect; do not connect 
B)  connect; connect 
C)  do not connect; connect 
D)  do not connect; do not connect

Question 11

Why is knowing the component of a graph so important for interpreting graphed data?

Accepted Answer

Knowing the components helps to understa

Question 12

Describe the reasoning behind connecting adjacent data points when measurement did not take place during "ignored" days.

Accepted Answer

The reasoning underlying this convention

Question 13

Although two different graphical analyses of the same data set may be constructed correctly, they would likely evoke different _______ from viewers.

Accepted Answer

A)  interpretations of results 
B)  journal publication decisions 
C)  target behavior definitions 
D)  calculations 
A)  interpretations of results 
B)  journal publication decisions 
C)  target behavior definitions 
D)  calculations

Question 14

Summarizing data across participants is problematic because

Accepted Answer

A)  there are limits of what can be said based on group data 
B)  there is no such thing as a "group" organism 
C)  a group "effect" not found in individual records should not be considered a sole result of treatment 
D)  all of the above are problematic limitations 
A)  there are limits of what can be said based on group data 
B)  there is no such thing as a "group" organism 
C)  a group "effect" not found in individual records should not be considered a sole result of treatment 
D)  all of the above are problematic limitations

Question 15

Why do behavioral researchers typically start with simple data analysis procedures and then move to more complex options?

Accepted Answer

In general, it is a good idea for data a

Question 16

What influence should the nature of the data have on the decision to discard them?

Accepted Answer

If unacceptable circumstances arise conc

Question 17

______ interval scales allow descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values:

Accepted Answer

A)  logarithmic 
B)  partial 
C)  linear 
D)  whole 
A)  logarithmic 
B)  partial 
C)  linear 
D)  whole

Question 18

When would a researcher not want to use a histogram?

Accepted Answer

Plotting larger data sets in a histogram

Question 19

Shanice is a BCBA who is graphing her client's data. Why are graphs important for her clinical work?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data serve as stimuli that influence her reactions to what is going on with her client's behavior 
B)  Data influence her interpretations of results of clinical interventions 
C)  Data encourage her to make the most effective treatment decisions 
D)  All of these are reasons graphs are important 
A)  Data serve as stimuli that influence her reactions to what is going on with her client's behavior 
B)  Data influence her interpretations of results of clinical interventions 
C)  Data encourage her to make the most effective treatment decisions 
D)  All of these are reasons graphs are important

Question 20

On a typical graph used in behavioral research, ______ is indicated on the horizontal axis and ______ is indicated on the vertical axis:

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency; duration 
B)  responding; time 
C)  time; responding 
D)  celeration; latency 
A)  frequency; duration 
B)  responding; time 
C)  time; responding 
D)  celeration; latency

Explain how a cumulative graph is constructed.

List the 4 issues to consider when scaling axes on a graph.

When is it appropriate to discard data?

When could problems arise when interpreting line graphs?

When displaying time on the horizontal axis, why is it important to represent time continuously?

What makes the cumulative recorder valuable is not so much the cumulative picture it creates but the fact that it locates individual responses on a horizontal axis representing ______.

When data contain one or two outliers, the investigator should do what to the vertical axis?

When attempting to determine which calculations or kinds of graphs might highlight suspected features, one can look at the and of responding as each phase unfolds.

Explain how two different graphical analyses of the same data set could produce two different interpretations or conclusions about the data.

The rule for whether you draw a line connecting a Tuesday data point to a Thursday data point when there was no observation on Wednesday is: if the behavior could have occurred but was not observed the data points. If the behavior could not have occurred the data points:

Why is knowing the component of a graph so important for interpreting graphed data?

Describe the reasoning behind connecting adjacent data points when measurement did not take place during "ignored" days.

Although two different graphical analyses of the same data set may be constructed correctly, they would likely evoke different _______ from viewers.

Summarizing data across participants is problematic because

Why do behavioral researchers typically start with simple data analysis procedures and then move to more complex options?

What influence should the nature of the data have on the decision to discard them?

______ interval scales allow descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values:

When would a researcher not want to use a histogram?

Shanice is a BCBA who is graphing her client's data. Why are graphs important for her clinical work?

On a typical graph used in behavioral research, is indicated on the horizontal axis and is indicated on the vertical axis:

Discovery in Research and Practice

Behavior As a Scientific and Practical Subject Matter

Asking Questions: What Do You Want to Know

Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors

Dimensions of Behavior and Units of Measurement

Observing and Recording

Behavior Analytic Assessment

Assessing Measurement

Behavioral Variability

Steady States and Transitions

Designing Behavioral Comparisons

Single Baseline Designs

Multiple Baseline Designs

Group Research Design and Statistical Analyses

Interpreting Research and Practical Projects

Behavior Analysis Research Methods

Filters

Exam 14: Graphical Analysis of Behavioral Data

Explain how a cumulative graph is constructed.

List the 4 issues to consider when scaling axes on a graph.

When is it appropriate to discard data?

When could problems arise when interpreting line graphs?

When displaying time on the horizontal axis, why is it important to represent time continuously?

What makes the cumulative recorder valuable is not so much the cumulative picture it creates but the fact that it locates individual responses on a horizontal axis representing ______.

When data contain one or two outliers, the investigator should do what to the vertical axis?

When attempting to determine which calculations or kinds of graphs might highlight suspected features, one can look at the ______ and ______ of responding as each phase unfolds.

Explain how two different graphical analyses of the same data set could produce two different interpretations or conclusions about the data.

The rule for whether you draw a line connecting a Tuesday data point to a Thursday data point when there was no observation on Wednesday is: if the behavior could have occurred but was not observed ______ the data points. If the behavior could not have occurred ______ the data points:

Why is knowing the component of a graph so important for interpreting graphed data?

Describe the reasoning behind connecting adjacent data points when measurement did not take place during "ignored" days.

Although two different graphical analyses of the same data set may be constructed correctly, they would likely evoke different _______ from viewers.

Summarizing data across participants is problematic because

Why do behavioral researchers typically start with simple data analysis procedures and then move to more complex options?

What influence should the nature of the data have on the decision to discard them?

______ interval scales allow descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values:

When would a researcher not want to use a histogram?

Shanice is a BCBA who is graphing her client's data. Why are graphs important for her clinical work?

On a typical graph used in behavioral research, ______ is indicated on the horizontal axis and ______ is indicated on the vertical axis:

Discovery in Research and Practice

Behavior As a Scientific and Practical Subject Matter

Asking Questions: What Do You Want to Know

Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors

Dimensions of Behavior and Units of Measurement

Observing and Recording

Behavior Analytic Assessment

Assessing Measurement

Behavioral Variability

Steady States and Transitions

Designing Behavioral Comparisons

Single Baseline Designs

Multiple Baseline Designs

Group Research Design and Statistical Analyses

Interpreting Research and Practical Projects

Behavior Analysis Research Methods

Filters

When attempting to determine which calculations or kinds of graphs might highlight suspected features, one can look at the and of responding as each phase unfolds.

The rule for whether you draw a line connecting a Tuesday data point to a Thursday data point when there was no observation on Wednesday is: if the behavior could have occurred but was not observed the data points. If the behavior could not have occurred the data points:

On a typical graph used in behavioral research, is indicated on the horizontal axis and is indicated on the vertical axis: