Based on a recent Gallup survey, we define the following probability model for the number X of daily cups of coffee consumed by Americans. ? ? \[\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline \boldsymbol { X } & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \text { or more } \\ \hline \text { Probability } & 0.36 & 0.26 & 0.19 & 0.09 & ? \\ \hline \end{array}\] What is the probability that an American consumes 4 or more cups of coffee daily?

A) 0.10 B) 1/5 C) 1/4 D) Impossible to determine from the information given A) 0.10 B) 1/5 C) 1/4 D) Impossible to determine from the information given

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention receives information about the causes for HIV/AIDS infection in the United States. Here are the causes of infection and their respective probability among American women age 20 to 24 years: ? ? \(\begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{lll} \bf{Cause}\\ \text{Injection drug use} \\ \text{Heterosexual sex} \\ \text{Perinatal infection} \\ \text{Other causes} \end{array} \begin{array}{lll} \bf{Probability}\\ ? \\ 0.664 \\ 0.125 \\ 0.095 \end{array} \end{array}\) This is a legitimate probability model. Therefore, what must be the probability that an American woman age 20 to 24 was infected via injection drug use?

A) 0.116 B) 0.186 C) 0.206 D) 0.250 A) 0.116 B) 0.186 C) 0.206 D) 0.250

Based on data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, we define the following probability model for the number X of different pesticides detected in fresh produce. ? \[\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline \boldsymbol { X } & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \text { or more } \\ \hline \text { Probability } & 0.43 & 0.17 & 0.14 & 0.08 & 0.06 & 0.12 \\ \hline \end{array}\] In this context, the probability P(X < 2) is also equal to which of these probabilities?

A) P(X ? 2) B) P(X ? 3) C) P(X ? 1) D) P(X = 1) A) P(X ? 2) B) P(X ? 3) C) P(X ? 1) D) P(X = 1)

All human blood can be typed as either O, A, B, or AB. The distribution of the types varies a bit with race. Choose an African American person at random. Here are the approximate probabilities that the person you choose will have blood type O, B, or AB: ? ? \[\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline \text { Blood type } & \text { O } & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { AB } \\ \hline \text { Probability } & 0.50 & ? & 0.20 & 0.05 \\ \hline \end{array}\] Considering having type AB blood to be an undesirable outcome, what are the odds of having type AB blood?

A) 0.050 B) 0.053 C) 0.950 D) 19.0 A) 0.050 B) 0.053 C) 0.950 D) 19.0

Exam 8: Essential Probability Rules

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the rate of Chlamydia infections among American women age 20 to 24 is 2791.5 per 100,000. What is the approximate risk of a Chlamydia infection in a 20- to 24-year-old U.S. female?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 21

A population has an equal proportion of males and females. That is, when randomly selecting one individual, the probability that the individual is male (M) is ½ and the probability that the individual is female (F) is ½ Each of the outcomes M and F have a probability ½ of occurring. What does this mean?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 22

The frequency of color blindness (dyschromatopsia) in the Caucasian American male population is estimated to be about 8%. Let's call X the number of color-blind individuals in a random sample of 8 Caucasian American males. The table gives the probability distribution for X. ? ? X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P(X) 0.513 0.357 0.109 0.019 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 What is the probability of getting exactly 3 color-blind individuals in the sample?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 23

A population has an equal proportion of males and females. That is, when randomly selecting one individual, the probability that the individual is male (M) is ½ and the probability that the individual is female (F) is ½. In the first 50 randomly selected individuals, 20 were male. In the next 50 randomly selected individuals, which of the following must happen?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 24

A physician observes the number of lesions on subjects who regularly used tanning salons. Let X be the number of lesions observed. The physician found that X had the following probability distribution. ? ? Value of 0 1 2 3 4 Probability 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.30 0.30 What is the value of P(X > 3)?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 25

Based on a recent Gallup survey, we define the following probability model for the number X of daily cups of coffee consumed by Americans. ? ? 0 1 2 3 4 or more Probability 0.36 0.26 0.19 0.09 ? What is the probability that an American consumes 4 or more cups of coffee daily?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 26

Some argue that millions of Americans are so hooked on television that their viewing habits fit the criteria for substance abuse, as defined in the official psychiatric manual. Choose a young person (age 19 to 25) at random and ask, "In the past seven days, how many days did you watch television?" Call the response X for short. Here is a probability model for the response: ? ? Days X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Probability 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.05 ? What is the probability that a randomly selected student watched TV at least two days in the past week?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 27

A population has an equal proportion of males and females. That is, when randomly selecting one individual, the probability that the individual is male (M) is ½ and the probability that the individual is female (F) is ½ There are only two outcomes when an individual is selected: {M, F}. What is this collection of all possible outcomes called?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 28

All human blood can be typed as either O, A, B, or AB. The distribution of the types varies a bit with race. Choose an African American person at random. Here are the approximate probabilities that the person you choose will have blood type O, B, or AB: ? ? Blood type O A B AB Probability 0.50 ? 0.20 0.05 What is the probability that the person chosen has blood type A?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 29

The expected value of a probability distribution is equal to

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 30

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as much as 20% of the U.S. population gets the flu each year. In light of this probability, what are the odds of catching the influenza virus?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 31

The frequency of color blindness (dyschromatopsia) in the Caucasian American male population is estimated to be about 8%. Let's call X the number of color-blind individuals in a random sample of 8 Caucasian American males. The table gives the probability distribution for X. ? ? X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P(X) 0.513 0.357 0.109 0.019 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 What is the probability of getting 2 or 3 color-blind individuals in the sample?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 32

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the rate of Chlamydia infections among American women age 20 to 24 is 2791.5 per 100,000. What is the probability that a randomly chosen American woman between the ages of 20 and 24 does NOT have a Chlamydia infection?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 33

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention receives information about the causes for HIV/AIDS infection in the United States. Here are the causes of infection and their respective probability among American women age 20 to 24 years: ? ? Injection drug use Heterosexual sex Perinatal infection Other causes ? 0.664 0.125 0.095 This is a legitimate probability model. Therefore, what must be the probability that an American woman age 20 to 24 was infected via injection drug use?

(Multiple Choice)

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(38)

Question 34

Some argue that millions of Americans are so hooked on television that their viewing habits fit the criteria for substance abuse, as defined in the official psychiatric manual. Choose a young person (age 19 to 25) at random and ask, "In the past seven days, how many days did you watch television?" Call the response X for short. Here is a probability model for the response: ? ? Days X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Probability 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.05 ? What is the probability that X < 5?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 35

Based on data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, we define the following probability model for the number X of different pesticides detected in fresh produce. ? 0 1 2 3 4 5 or more Probability 0.43 0.17 0.14 0.08 0.06 0.12 In this context, the probability P(X < 2) is also equal to which of these probabilities?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 36

If X is a continuous uniform random variable taking values between 0 and 10, then the value of the probability P(X ≤ 4.3) is

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 37

All human blood can be typed as either O, A, B, or AB. The distribution of the types varies a bit with race. Choose an African American person at random. Here are the approximate probabilities that the person you choose will have blood type O, B, or AB: ? ? Blood type O A B AB Probability 0.50 ? 0.20 0.05 Considering having type AB blood to be an undesirable outcome, what are the odds of having type AB blood?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 38

A researcher is trying to determine the proportion of a certain species of fish in a local lake. After sampling 40 fish, she found 32 of them were the species of interest. What does she estimate as the probability that the next randomly selected fish will be of the species of interest?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 39

The probability density of a random variable X is given in the figure. What is the median of the distribution of X?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 40

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the rate of Chlamydia infections among American women age 20 to 24 is 2791.5 per 100,000. What is the approximate risk of a Chlamydia infection in a 20- to 24-year-old U.S. female?

A physician observes the number of lesions on subjects who regularly used tanning salons. Let X be the number of lesions observed. The physician found that X had the following probability distribution. ? ? Value of 0 1 2 3 4 Probability 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.30 0.30 What is the value of P(X > 3)?

Based on a recent Gallup survey, we define the following probability model for the number X of daily cups of coffee consumed by Americans. ? ? 0 1 2 3 4 or more Probability 0.36 0.26 0.19 0.09 ? What is the probability that an American consumes 4 or more cups of coffee daily?

The expected value of a probability distribution is equal to

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as much as 20% of the U.S. population gets the flu each year. In light of this probability, what are the odds of catching the influenza virus?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the rate of Chlamydia infections among American women age 20 to 24 is 2791.5 per 100,000. What is the probability that a randomly chosen American woman between the ages of 20 and 24 does NOT have a Chlamydia infection?

If X is a continuous uniform random variable taking values between 0 and 10, then the value of the probability P(X ≤ 4.3) is

A researcher is trying to determine the proportion of a certain species of fish in a local lake. After sampling 40 fish, she found 32 of them were the species of interest. What does she estimate as the probability that the next randomly selected fish will be of the species of interest?

The probability density of a random variable X is given in the figure. What is the median of the distribution of X?

Picturing Distributions With Graphs

Describing Quantitative Distributions With Numbers

Scatterplots and Correlation

Regression

Two-Way Tables

Samples and Observational Studies

Designing Experiments

Independence and Conditional Probabilities

The Normal Distributions

Discrete Probability Distributions

Sampling Distributions

Introduction to Inference

Exercises

Inference About a Population Mean

Comparing Two Means

Inference About a Population Proportion

Comparing Two Proportions

The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit

The Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables

Inference for Regression

One-Way Analysis of Variance: Comparing Several Means

More About Analysis of Variance: Follow-Up Tests and Two-Way Anova

Nonparametric Tests

Multiple and Logistic Regression

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