Question 1

Describe common labor and delivery medications in the United States, and give the possible problems associated with their use.

Accepted Answer

Although natural childbirth techniques lessen or eliminate the need for pain-relieving drugs, some form of medication is used in more than 80 percent of U.S. births. Analgesics, drugs used to relieve pain, may be given in mild doses during labor to help a mother relax. Anesthetics are a stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation. Currently, the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is epidural analgesia, in which a regional pain-relieving drug is delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine. Unlike older spinal block procedures, which numb the entire lower half of the body, epidural analgesia limits pain reduction to the pelvic region. Because the mother retains the capacity to feel the pressure of contractions and to move her trunk and legs, she is able to push during the second stage of labor. Although pain-relieving drugs help women cope with childbirth and enable doctors to perform essential medical interventions, they also cause problems. Epidural analgesia, for example, weakens uterine contractions. As a result, labor is prolonged, and the chances of cesarean (surgical) delivery increase. And because drugs rapidly cross the placenta, exposed newborns tend to have lower Apgar scores, to be sleepy and withdrawn, to suck poorly during feedings, and to be irritable when awake. Although no confirmed long-term consequences for development exist, the negative impact of these drugs on the newborn's adjustment supports the current trend to limit their use.

Question 2

Victoria carries the abnormal allele for hemophilia. Which of the following children is most likely to inherit the disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  her oldest daughter, Maryanne 
B)  her second daughter, Alice 
C)  her oldest son, Albert 
D)  her youngest daughter, Beatrice 
A)  her oldest daughter, Maryanne 
B)  her second daughter, Alice 
C)  her oldest son, Albert 
D)  her youngest daughter, Beatrice C

Question 3

The most frequent prenatal infection is

Accepted Answer

A)  herpes simplex 2. 
B)  syphilis. 
C)  cytomegalovirus. 
D)  chlamydia. 
A)  herpes simplex 2. 
B)  syphilis. 
C)  cytomegalovirus. 
D)  chlamydia. C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aspirin cannot penetrate the placental barrier. 
B)  Having two cups of coffee per day cannot increase the risk of miscarriage. 
C)  Ingesting in excess of 100 milligrams of caffeine per day increases the risk of low birth weight. 
D)  Antidepressant medication use is not linked to any long-term birth complications. 
A)  Aspirin cannot penetrate the placental barrier. 
B)  Having two cups of coffee per day cannot increase the risk of miscarriage. 
C)  Ingesting in excess of 100 milligrams of caffeine per day increases the risk of low birth weight. 
D)  Antidepressant medication use is not linked to any long-term birth complications.

Question 5

Usually, __________ is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Accepted Answer

A)  in vitro fertilization 
B)  donor insemination 
C)  surrogacy 
D)  chorionic villus sampling 
A)  in vitro fertilization 
B)  donor insemination 
C)  surrogacy 
D)  chorionic villus sampling

Question 6

Which of the following statements summarizes the long-term consequences of birth complications found in Emmy Werner's Kauai study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who experienced birth trauma never fully acquired the same levels of cognitive development as the control group children. 
B)  As long as birth injuries are not overwhelming, a supportive home environment can restore children's growth. 
C)  Even children who experienced severe birth trauma eventually tested as well on measures of intelligence as those with no birth problems. 
D)  None of the children from troubled family environments achieved at the rate of their control group peers. 
A)  Children who experienced birth trauma never fully acquired the same levels of cognitive development as the control group children. 
B)  As long as birth injuries are not overwhelming, a supportive home environment can restore children's growth. 
C)  Even children who experienced severe birth trauma eventually tested as well on measures of intelligence as those with no birth problems. 
D)  None of the children from troubled family environments achieved at the rate of their control group peers.

Question 7

Breech babies often experience a cesarean delivery because of the danger of

Accepted Answer

A)  placenta abruptio. 
B)  anoxia. 
C)  infection. 
D)  hyaline membrane rupture. 
A)  placenta abruptio. 
B)  anoxia. 
C)  infection. 
D)  hyaline membrane rupture.

Question 8

High rates of miscarriage, physical deformities, and slow physical growth have occurred in __________ due to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Native American reservations; ARND 
B)  inner city neighborhoods; lead exposure 
C)  Minimata; mercury poisoning 
D)  Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Chernobyl; radiation exposure 
A)  Native American reservations; ARND 
B)  inner city neighborhoods; lead exposure 
C)  Minimata; mercury poisoning 
D)  Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Chernobyl; radiation exposure

Question 9

In a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in

Accepted Answer

A)  child development classes. 
B)  relaxation and breathing techniques. 
C)  training in the use of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. 
D)  home-birth training. 
A)  child development classes. 
B)  relaxation and breathing techniques. 
C)  training in the use of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. 
D)  home-birth training.

Question 10

Folic acid taken around the time of conception can lower the incidence of __________, and taken during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy cuts in half the risk of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  maternal high blood pressure; premature birth 
B)  anemia; cleft palate 
C)  neural tube defects; premature delivery 
D)  anemia; low birth weight 
A)  maternal high blood pressure; premature birth 
B)  anemia; cleft palate 
C)  neural tube defects; premature delivery 
D)  anemia; low birth weight

Question 11

Researchers use __________ to infer the role of heredity in complex human characteristics.

Accepted Answer

A)  gene-environment interaction 
B)  heritability estimates 
C)  canalization 
D)  niche-picking 
A)  gene-environment interaction 
B)  heritability estimates 
C)  canalization 
D)  niche-picking

Question 12

On the job, Mr. Williams was exposed to high doses of radiation. Because of this exposure, when planning their family, the Williams' should be concerned about

Accepted Answer

A)  germline mutation. 
B)  somatic mutation. 
C)  polygenic inheritance. 
D)  chromosomal abnormalities. 
A)  germline mutation. 
B)  somatic mutation. 
C)  polygenic inheritance. 
D)  chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 13

Each person is made up of trillions of __________ and 23 __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  genes; billion cells 
B)  cells; matching pairs of chromosomes 
C)  matching pairs of chromosomes; genes 
D)  cells; chromosomes 
A)  genes; billion cells 
B)  cells; matching pairs of chromosomes 
C)  matching pairs of chromosomes; genes 
D)  cells; chromosomes

Question 14

The effects of teratogens

Accepted Answer

A)  are limited to immediate physical damage. 
B)  show up at birth. 
C)  may occur indirectly. 
D)  are no longer a serious concern. 
A)  are limited to immediate physical damage. 
B)  show up at birth. 
C)  may occur indirectly. 
D)  are no longer a serious concern.

Question 15

From the __________, tiny __________ emerge, which burrow into the uterine wall and start to develop the placenta.

Accepted Answer

A)  amnion; veins 
B)  chorion; villi 
C)  trophoblast; hairs 
D)  embryonic disk; veins 
A)  amnion; veins 
B)  chorion; villi 
C)  trophoblast; hairs 
D)  embryonic disk; veins

Question 16

The risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome rises dramatically with

Accepted Answer

A)  paternal age. 
B)  maternal age. 
C)  maternal smoking. 
D)  paternal radiation exposure. 
A)  paternal age. 
B)  maternal age. 
C)  maternal smoking. 
D)  paternal radiation exposure.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens during the fetal period?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teratogenic damage is usually minor. 
B)  Teratogens cause irreversible brain damage. 
C)  Serious defects are most likely to occur from teratogens. 
D)  Teratogens rarely have any impact. 
A)  Teratogenic damage is usually minor. 
B)  Teratogens cause irreversible brain damage. 
C)  Serious defects are most likely to occur from teratogens. 
D)  Teratogens rarely have any impact.

Question 18

The sex of a new organism is determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  the genes on the X chromosome. 
B)  whether the ovum is carrying an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. 
C)  whether the sperm fertilizes an X-bearing or a Y-bearing ovum. 
D)  whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum. 
A)  the genes on the X chromosome. 
B)  whether the ovum is carrying an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. 
C)  whether the sperm fertilizes an X-bearing or a Y-bearing ovum. 
D)  whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Question 19

Gametes are

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of the uniting of the sperm and the ovum at fertilization. 
B)  formed through a cell division process called meiosis. 
C)  created with twice the usual number of chromosomes. 
D)  formed through a cell division process called mitosis. 
A)  the result of the uniting of the sperm and the ovum at fertilization. 
B)  formed through a cell division process called meiosis. 
C)  created with twice the usual number of chromosomes. 
D)  formed through a cell division process called mitosis.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about sex differences?

Accepted Answer

A)  More girls than boys are born with birth defects. 
B)  More boys than girls are born mentally retarded. 
C)  More girls than boys have learning disabilities. 
D)  Fewer boys than girls die in infancy and childhood. 
A)  More girls than boys are born with birth defects. 
B)  More boys than girls are born mentally retarded. 
C)  More girls than boys have learning disabilities. 
D)  Fewer boys than girls die in infancy and childhood.

Describe common labor and delivery medications in the United States, and give the possible problems associated with their use.

Victoria carries the abnormal allele for hemophilia. Which of the following children is most likely to inherit the disorder?

The most frequent prenatal infection is

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens?

Usually, __________ is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Which of the following statements summarizes the long-term consequences of birth complications found in Emmy Werner's Kauai study?

Breech babies often experience a cesarean delivery because of the danger of

High rates of miscarriage, physical deformities, and slow physical growth have occurred in due to .

In a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in

Folic acid taken around the time of conception can lower the incidence of , and taken during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy cuts in half the risk of .

Researchers use __________ to infer the role of heredity in complex human characteristics.

On the job, Mr. Williams was exposed to high doses of radiation. Because of this exposure, when planning their family, the Williams' should be concerned about

Each person is made up of trillions of and 23 .

The effects of teratogens

From the , tiny emerge, which burrow into the uterine wall and start to develop the placenta.

The risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome rises dramatically with

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens during the fetal period?

The sex of a new organism is determined by

Gametes are

Which of the following statements is true about sex differences?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Describe common labor and delivery medications in the United States, and give the possible problems associated with their use.

Victoria carries the abnormal allele for hemophilia. Which of the following children is most likely to inherit the disorder?

The most frequent prenatal infection is

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens?

Usually, __________ is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Which of the following statements summarizes the long-term consequences of birth complications found in Emmy Werner's Kauai study?

Breech babies often experience a cesarean delivery because of the danger of

High rates of miscarriage, physical deformities, and slow physical growth have occurred in __________ due to __________.

In a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in

Folic acid taken around the time of conception can lower the incidence of __________, and taken during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy cuts in half the risk of __________.

Researchers use __________ to infer the role of heredity in complex human characteristics.

On the job, Mr. Williams was exposed to high doses of radiation. Because of this exposure, when planning their family, the Williams' should be concerned about

Each person is made up of trillions of __________ and 23 __________.

The effects of teratogens

From the __________, tiny __________ emerge, which burrow into the uterine wall and start to develop the placenta.

The risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome rises dramatically with

Which of the following statements is true about teratogens during the fetal period?

The sex of a new organism is determined by

Gametes are

Which of the following statements is true about sex differences?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

High rates of miscarriage, physical deformities, and slow physical growth have occurred in due to .

Folic acid taken around the time of conception can lower the incidence of , and taken during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy cuts in half the risk of .

Each person is made up of trillions of and 23 .

From the , tiny emerge, which burrow into the uterine wall and start to develop the placenta.