Question 1

Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents

Accepted Answer

A)  are more passive toward one another. 
B)  are more aggressive toward one another. 
C)  display characteristics of an inhibited temperament. 
D)  recognize hostile intent only when it is specifically directed at them. 
A)  are more passive toward one another. 
B)  are more aggressive toward one another. 
C)  display characteristics of an inhibited temperament. 
D)  recognize hostile intent only when it is specifically directed at them. B

Question 2

Discuss how children separate moral imperatives from social conventions, and explain how they learn to distinguish between these moral domains.

Accepted Answer

The domain approach to moral understanding focuses on children's developing capacity to distinguish and coordinate moral imperatives, which protect people's rights and welfare, from two other types of social rules and expectations: social conventions, customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and rituals of social interaction; and matters of personal choice, such as choice of friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual. According to domain theorists, children construct these systems of social knowledge out of their experiences with three types of regularities in their social world. And research reveals that children arrive at these distinctions early, displaying more advanced moral reasoning than assumed by the externally controlled vision of Kohlberg's preconventional morality.
As children construct a flexible appreciation of moral rules, they clarify and link moral imperatives and social conventions. Gradually their understanding becomes more complex, taking into account an increasing number of variables, including the purpose of the rule; people's intentions, knowledge, and beliefs; and the context of people's behavior. School-age children, for example, distinguish social conventions with a clear purpose from ones with no obvious justification. They regard violations of purposeful conventions as closer to moral transgressions. With age, they also realize that people's intentions and the context of their actions affect the moral implications of violating a social convention.

Question 3

Children __________ certain types of truthfulness-for example, blunt statements, particularly when made in public contexts where they are especially likely to have negative social consequences.

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot separate the harm from the intentions in 
B)  see only ill intentions in 
C)  are unable to recognize 
D)  evaluate negatively 
A)  cannot separate the harm from the intentions in 
B)  see only ill intentions in 
C)  are unable to recognize 
D)  evaluate negatively D

Question 4

__________ do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

Accepted Answer

A)  Moral imperatives 
B)  Social conventions 
C)  Immoral beliefs 
D)  Matters of personal choice 
A)  Moral imperatives 
B)  Social conventions 
C)  Immoral beliefs 
D)  Matters of personal choice

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of schooling on fostering mature moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Higher education introduces young people to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political or cultural groups. 
B)  Moral reasoning is explicitly taught in college and university settings. 
C)  When young people do not attend school, they often engage in deviant behavior, which has a negative impact on moral reasoning. 
D)  Students who attend college must have advanced moral reasoning in order to be successful in a competitive environment. 
A)  Higher education introduces young people to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political or cultural groups. 
B)  Moral reasoning is explicitly taught in college and university settings. 
C)  When young people do not attend school, they often engage in deviant behavior, which has a negative impact on moral reasoning. 
D)  Students who attend college must have advanced moral reasoning in order to be successful in a competitive environment.

Question 6

Follow-up research on Piaget's theory indicates that children

Accepted Answer

A)  regard adults with unquestioning respect. 
B)  do not regard adults with unquestioning respect. 
C)  cannot discriminate between truthfulness and lying until the end of elementary school. 
D)  do not develop differential notions about the legitimacy of authority figures until the age of 10. 
A)  regard adults with unquestioning respect. 
B)  do not regard adults with unquestioning respect. 
C)  cannot discriminate between truthfulness and lying until the end of elementary school. 
D)  do not develop differential notions about the legitimacy of authority figures until the age of 10.

Question 7

Assuming the following four boys will eventually engage in various forms of adolescent delinquency, which child is likely to engage in less violent forms, such as theft?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mark, who has high levels of oppositional behavior 
B)  Matt, who has high levels of physical aggression 
C)  Mike, who has low levels of oppositional behavior 
D)  Max, who has medium levels of physical aggression 
A)  Mark, who has high levels of oppositional behavior 
B)  Matt, who has high levels of physical aggression 
C)  Mike, who has low levels of oppositional behavior 
D)  Max, who has medium levels of physical aggression

Question 8

Sasha's parents bring up controversial issues at home and encourage her to form opinions. Her school fosters a democratic climate in which teachers promote discussion of controversial issues while insisting that students listen to and respect one another. This environment will

Accepted Answer

A)  enhance Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. 
B)  decrease Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. 
C)  cause Sasha to become self-absorbed and materialistic. 
D)  inhibit Sasha's ability to develop sympathy or empathy. 
A)  enhance Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. 
B)  decrease Sasha's sense of civic responsibility. 
C)  cause Sasha to become self-absorbed and materialistic. 
D)  inhibit Sasha's ability to develop sympathy or empathy.

Question 9

Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of

Accepted Answer

A)  morality of cooperation. 
B)  realism. 
C)  heteronomous morality. 
D)  inductive discipline. 
A)  morality of cooperation. 
B)  realism. 
C)  heteronomous morality. 
D)  inductive discipline.

Question 10

At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral understanding is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  rewards, punishment, and the power of authority figures. 
B)  abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. 
C)  actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships and societal order. 
D)  the degree to which morality is central to self-concept. 
A)  rewards, punishment, and the power of authority figures. 
B)  abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. 
C)  actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships and societal order. 
D)  the degree to which morality is central to self-concept.

Question 11

Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by

Accepted Answer

A)  social learning theorists. 
B)  reinforcement theorists. 
C)  behaviorists. 
D)  cognitive-developmental theorists. 
A)  social learning theorists. 
B)  reinforcement theorists. 
C)  behaviorists. 
D)  cognitive-developmental theorists.

Question 12

According to psychoanalytical theory, Denzel will adopt his society's standards of moral behavior through the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  choice. 
B)  motivation. 
C)  biological necessity. 
D)  internalization. 
A)  choice. 
B)  motivation. 
C)  biological necessity. 
D)  internalization.

Question 13

Evolutionary theorists speculate that our unique capacity to act prosocially toward genetic strangers originated

Accepted Answer

A)  when man began walking upright. 
B)  several million years ago. 
C)  about 500 years ago. 
D)  during the Reformation. 
A)  when man began walking upright. 
B)  several million years ago. 
C)  about 500 years ago. 
D)  during the Reformation.

Question 14

Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture affect maturity of moral reasoning

Accepted Answer

A)  in older adolescents and emerging adults but not children. 
B)  by presenting cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about moral problems in more complex ways. 
C)  in individualistic but not collectivist societies, where moral reasoning tends to be delayed. 
D)  by teaching individuals to follow their intuition instead of simply abiding by what adults tell them. 
A)  in older adolescents and emerging adults but not children. 
B)  by presenting cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about moral problems in more complex ways. 
C)  in individualistic but not collectivist societies, where moral reasoning tends to be delayed. 
D)  by teaching individuals to follow their intuition instead of simply abiding by what adults tell them.

Question 15

Dr. Milo believes that moral behavior is acquired through reinforcement and modeling. Dr. Milo's view is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  the biological perspective. 
B)  psychoanalytic theory. 
C)  the social learning perspective. 
D)  Piaget's theory of moral development. 
A)  the biological perspective. 
B)  psychoanalytic theory. 
C)  the social learning perspective. 
D)  Piaget's theory of moral development.

Question 16

Lamis likes to play "Go Fish." One day when her older brother suggests changing the rules, she adamantly insists that the rules cannot be changed. Lamis has not yet made the transition to

Accepted Answer

A)  heteronomous morality. 
B)  a punishment and obedience orientation. 
C)  an instrumental purpose orientation. 
D)  morality of cooperation. 
A)  heteronomous morality. 
B)  a punishment and obedience orientation. 
C)  an instrumental purpose orientation. 
D)  morality of cooperation.

Question 17

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the __________, not the __________ that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.

Accepted Answer

A)  way an individual reasons about the dilemma; content of the response 
B)  content of the response; way an individual reasons about the dilemma 
C)  final outcome; way in which that outcome was achieved 
D)  emotional reaction to the dilemma; justification of the response 
A)  way an individual reasons about the dilemma; content of the response 
B)  content of the response; way an individual reasons about the dilemma 
C)  final outcome; way in which that outcome was achieved 
D)  emotional reaction to the dilemma; justification of the response

Question 18

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females includes both orientations, females tend to stress __________, whereas males stress __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  justice; empathetic perspective taking 
B)  empathetic perspective taking; care 
C)  care; justice 
D)  justice; care 
A)  justice; empathetic perspective taking 
B)  empathetic perspective taking; care 
C)  care; justice 
D)  justice; care

Question 19

Fourteen-year-old Shaq demonstrated a difficult and fearless temperamental style as a young child and often physically attacked his parents and siblings. When he was 12, Shaq was arrested for breaking into houses. He is now a regular drug user and rarely attends school. Which of the following statements about Shaq is probably true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Shaq will most likely grow out of this behavior once he understands the consequences of his actions. 
B)  Shaq's parents need to use corporal punishment to correct his antisocial behavior. 
C)  Shaq is at-risk for high school dropout, unemployment, and future arrests. 
D)  Shaq is engaging in normal adolescent behavior. 
A)  Shaq will most likely grow out of this behavior once he understands the consequences of his actions. 
B)  Shaq's parents need to use corporal punishment to correct his antisocial behavior. 
C)  Shaq is at-risk for high school dropout, unemployment, and future arrests. 
D)  Shaq is engaging in normal adolescent behavior.

Question 20

__________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reactive aggression 
B)  Relational aggression 
C)  Proactive aggression 
D)  Malicious intention 
A)  Reactive aggression 
B)  Relational aggression 
C)  Proactive aggression 
D)  Malicious intention

Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents

Discuss how children separate moral imperatives from social conventions, and explain how they learn to distinguish between these moral domains.

Children __________ certain types of truthfulness-for example, blunt statements, particularly when made in public contexts where they are especially likely to have negative social consequences.

__________ do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of schooling on fostering mature moral reasoning?

Follow-up research on Piaget's theory indicates that children

Assuming the following four boys will eventually engage in various forms of adolescent delinquency, which child is likely to engage in less violent forms, such as theft?

Sasha's parents bring up controversial issues at home and encourage her to form opinions. Her school fosters a democratic climate in which teachers promote discussion of controversial issues while insisting that students listen to and respect one another. This environment will

Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of

At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral understanding is based on

Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by

According to psychoanalytical theory, Denzel will adopt his society's standards of moral behavior through the process of

Evolutionary theorists speculate that our unique capacity to act prosocially toward genetic strangers originated

Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture affect maturity of moral reasoning

Dr. Milo believes that moral behavior is acquired through reinforcement and modeling. Dr. Milo's view is consistent with

Lamis likes to play "Go Fish." One day when her older brother suggests changing the rules, she adamantly insists that the rules cannot be changed. Lamis has not yet made the transition to

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the , not the that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females includes both orientations, females tend to stress , whereas males stress .

__________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions.

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 12: Moral Development

Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents

Discuss how children separate moral imperatives from social conventions, and explain how they learn to distinguish between these moral domains.

Children __________ certain types of truthfulness-for example, blunt statements, particularly when made in public contexts where they are especially likely to have negative social consequences.

__________ do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of schooling on fostering mature moral reasoning?

Follow-up research on Piaget's theory indicates that children

Assuming the following four boys will eventually engage in various forms of adolescent delinquency, which child is likely to engage in less violent forms, such as theft?

Sasha's parents bring up controversial issues at home and encourage her to form opinions. Her school fosters a democratic climate in which teachers promote discussion of controversial issues while insisting that students listen to and respect one another. This environment will

Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of

At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral understanding is based on

Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by

According to psychoanalytical theory, Denzel will adopt his society's standards of moral behavior through the process of

Evolutionary theorists speculate that our unique capacity to act prosocially toward genetic strangers originated

Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture affect maturity of moral reasoning

Dr. Milo believes that moral behavior is acquired through reinforcement and modeling. Dr. Milo's view is consistent with

Lamis likes to play "Go Fish." One day when her older brother suggests changing the rules, she adamantly insists that the rules cannot be changed. Lamis has not yet made the transition to

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the __________, not the __________ that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females includes both orientations, females tend to stress __________, whereas males stress __________.

__________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions.

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the , not the that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females includes both orientations, females tend to stress , whereas males stress .